Koch Snowflake - codegolf

Question

The Koch snowflake (also known as the Koch star and Koch island) is a mathematical curve and one of the earliest fractal curves to have been described. It is based on the Koch curve, which appeared in a 1904 paper titled "On a continuous curve without tangents, constructible from elementary geometry" (original French title: "Sur une courbe continue sans tangente, obtenue par une construction géométrique élémentaire") by the Swedish mathematician Helge von Koch.

Here are some ascii representations of various iterations:

n=1
__
\/

n=2
__/\__
\    /
/_  _\
  \/

n=3
      __/\__
      \    /
__/\__/    \__/\__
\                /
/_              _\
  \            /
__/            \__
\                /
/_  __      __  _\
  \/  \    /  \/
      /_  _\
        \/ 

Since there is obviously a limit to the resolution of the ascii representation, we must enlarge the size of the snowflake by a factor of 3 for each iteration to show the extra detail.

Write the shortest code to output the snowflake in the same style for n=4

Your program should not take any input.
Your program should write the snowflake to the console.

Answer 1

Python, 650 612 594 574 characters

n='\n'
S='_a/G\F I\n'
A=dict(zip(S,('III','   ','__/','  G','\  ','F__','   ','III','')))
B=dict(zip(S,('III','   ','\  ',' aF','/a ','  G','   ','III','')))
C=dict(zip(S,('___','aaa','/  ','GII','II\\','  F','   ','III','')))
def T(s):
 a=b=c=d=r=u''
 for k in s:
    a+=A[k];b+=B[k];c+=C[k]
    if k=='I':a=a[:-3]+('II\\'if'a '==d[1:3]else'GII'if' a'==d[:2]else 3*k)
    d=d[3:]
    if k==n:d=c.replace('____','__/F').replace('aaaa','aa  ').replace('/  a','/a  ').replace('a  F','  aF');r+=a+n+b+n+d+n;a=b=c=''
 return r
print T(T(T('__\n\G\n'))).translate({97:95,71:47,73:32,70:92})

This works by expanding the triangle by a factor of 3 each time. To do that, we need to keep track of whether each symbol is a left or right boundary (e.g. how / is expanded depends on which side of the / is the inside). We use different symbols for the two possible cases, as follows:

_: _, outside on the top
a: _, outside on the bottom
/: /, outside on the left
G: /, outside on the right
\: \, outside on the left
F: \, outside on the right
<space>: inside
I: outside

The d variable handles the special case where the expansion of an a needs to extend into the 3x3 in the next row.

Answer 2

MS-DOS 16 bit machine code: 199 bytes

Decode using this site, save as 'koch.com' file and execute from WinXP command prompt.

sCAAxo7ajsKLz/OquF9fulwvvUoBM9u+BADoiQDodgDocwDogADobQDoagDodwCK8TLSs0+I98cHDQrGRwIktAnNIf7GOO5+7MNWAVwBYwFsAXoBgwGJB4DDAsOIN/7D6QQA/suIF/7P6R0A/suAPyB1AogH/suIB8OBw/8AiDfpBgD+x4gX/sM4734Ciu84z30Cis/Dg8UIg8UCgf1WAXLzg+0Mw07/dgB0GV/o9v/o5v/o8P/o3f/o2v/o5//o1//o4f9Gww==

Update

Here's an easy-to-read assembler version:

  ; L-System Description
  ;
  ; Alphabet : F
  ; Constants : +, -
  ; Axiom : F++F++F
  ; Production rules: F -> F-F++F-F 
  ;
  ; Register usage:
  ;                             _        _
  ; bp = direction: 0 = ->, 1 = /|, 2 = |\, 3 = <-, 4 = |/_, 5 = _\|
  ; cl = min y, ch = max y
  ; bl = x (unsigned)
  ; bh = y (signed)
  ; si = max level

  ; clear data
  mov al,20h
  add dh,al
  mov ds,dx
  mov es,dx
  mov cx,di
  rep stosb
  mov ax,'__'
  mov dx,'/\'

  ; initialise variables
  mov bp,Direction0
  xor bx,bx
  mov si,4

  call MoveForward
  call TurnRight
  call TurnRight
  call MoveForward
  call TurnRight
  call TurnRight
  call MoveForward

  mov dh,cl
  xor dl,dl
  mov bl,79
OutputLoop:
  mov bh,dh
  mov w [bx],0a0dh
  mov b [bx+2],24h
  mov ah,9
  int 21h
  inc dh
  cmp dh,ch
  jle OutputLoop  
  ret

Direction0:
  dw MoveRight
  dw MoveUpRight
  dw MoveUpLeft
  dw MoveLeft
  dw MoveDownLeft
  dw MoveDownRight
Direction6:

MoveRight:
  mov w [bx],ax
  add bl,2
  ret

MoveUpRight:
  mov b [bx],dh
  inc bl
  jmp DecBHCheckY

MoveUpLeft:
  dec bl
  mov b [bx],dl
DecBHCheckY:  
  dec bh
  jmp CheckY

MoveLeft:
  dec bl  
  cmp b [bx],20h
  jne MoveLeftAgain
  mov [bx],al
MoveLeftAgain:
  dec bl  
  mov [bx],al
  ret

MoveDownLeft:
  add bx,255
  mov b [bx],dh
  jmp CheckY

MoveDownRight:
  inc bh
  mov b [bx],dl
  inc bl

CheckY:
  cmp bh,ch
  jle NoMaxChange
  mov ch,bh
NoMaxChange:  
  cmp bh,cl
  jge NoMinChange
  mov cl,bh
NoMinChange:  
  ret

TurnRight:
  add bp,8

TurnLeft:
  add bp,2

  cmp bp,Direction6
  jb ret
  sub bp,12
  ret

MoveForward:
  dec si
  push [bp]
  jz DontRecurse
  pop di
  call MoveForward
  call TurnLeft
  call MoveForward
  call TurnRight
  call TurnRight
  call MoveForward
  call TurnLeft
  call MoveForward
DontRecurse:
  inc si
  ret

Answer 3

Perl, 176 175 bytes

Posting this as a separate answer because it uses a binary source file, which is perhaps a bit cheaty. But considering that it’s still Perl source code, I think it’s remarkable that it beats the MS-DOS machine code solution!

Source as base64-encoded

JF89IsLApwag0dhnMmAmMEcGIAcGQNHYwsDRFLsQ0djCwKcGoNHYwsDRFDdbECYwcRUxe1DCwNEUuxDR2
CI7c14uXiR4PW9yZCQmOyQieCgkeD4+MykucXcoXCAvXyBfXy8gXC8gX18gX1wgLyBfXy9cX18pWyR4Jj
ddXmVnO3NeLnsyN31eJF89cmV2ZXJzZSQmO3l+L1xcflxcL347cHJpbnQkJi4kXy4kL15lZw==

Somewhat more readable

Replace all instances of /<[0-9a-f]+>/ with the relevant binary data:

# Raw data!
$_="<c2c0a706a0d1d86732602630470620070640d1d8c2c0d114bb10d1d8c2>".
   "<c0a706a0d1d8c2c0d114375b1026307115317b50c2c0d114bb10d1d8>";

# Decode left half of the snowflake (without newlines)
s^.^$x=ord$&;$"x($x>>3).qw(\ /_ __/ \/ __ _\ / __/\__)[$x&7]^eg;

# Reconstruct the right half and the newlines
s^.{27}^$_=reverse$&;y~/\\~\\/~;print$&.$_.$/^eg

In this version, the snowflake is encoded in the following way:

• The 8 bits in each byte are divided like this:

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |      5 bits       |   3 bits  |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
            R               C
  

• R encodes a run of spaces. The longest run is 27 characters, so all runs fit into 5 bits.

• C encodes a sequence of characters which are simply looked up in the literal array. (I used to have slightly crazier encodings here where the array contained only / \ _, but the Perl code necessary to decode it was longer...)

• I am lucky that the binary data does not contain any "/' or \ that would need escaping. I didn’t plan for this. But even if it did, I probably could have just changed the order of the items in the array to fix that.

• It is amazing how simple this solution is compared to the tens of other solutions I went through before I came up with this. I experimented with many different bitwise encodings more complex than this one, and it never occurred to me that a simpler one might be worth it simply because the Perl code to decode it would be shorter. I also tried to compress repetitions in the data using variable interpolation (see the other answer), but with the newest version that doesn’t gain any characters anymore.

Answer 4

Python, 284

for s in "eJyVkNENACEIQ/+dgg1YiIT9tzgENRyWXM4/pH1tIMJPlUezIiGwMoNgE5SzQvzRBq52Ebce6cr0aefbt7NjHeNEzC9OAalADh0V3gK35QWPeiXIFHKH8seFfh1zlQB6bjxXIeB9ACWRVwo=".decode('base64').decode('zlib').split('\n'):print s+'  '*(27-len(s))+'\\'.join([c.replace('\\','/')for c in s[::-1].split('/')])

With a bit more whitespace:

for s in "eJyVkNENACEIQ/+dgg1YiIT9tzgENRyWXM4/pH1tIMJPlUezIiGwMoNgE5SzQvzRBq52Ebce6cr0aefbt7NjHeNEzC9OAalADh0V3gK35QWPeiXIFHKH8seFfh1zlQB6bjxXIeB9ACWRVwo=".decode('base64').decode('zlib').split('\n'):
  print s + '  '*(27-len(s)) + '\\'.join([c.replace('\\','/') for c in s[::-1].split('/')])

The left side is compressed; the right side is reproduced from the left side.

Answer 5

Perl, 224 223 characters

use MIME::Base64;$_=decode_base64 wsCnBqDR2GcyYCYwRwYgBwZA0djCwNEUuxDR2MLApwag0djCwNEUN1sQJjBxFTF7UMLA0RS7ENHY;s^.^$x=ord$&;$"x($x>>3).qw(\ /_ __/ \/ __ _\ / __/\__)[$x&7]^eg;s^.{27}^$_=reverse$&;y~/\\~\\/~;print$&.$_.$/^eg

Somewhat more readable

use MIME::Base64;

# raw binary data in base-64-encoded form as a bareword
$_=decode_base64
    wsCnBqDR2GcyYCYwRwYgBwZA0djCwNEUuxDR2MLApwag0djCwNEUN1sQJjBxFTF7UMLA0RS7ENHY;

# Decode left half of the snowflake (without newlines)
s^.^$x=ord$&;$"x($x>>3).qw(\ /_ __/ \/ __ _\ / __/\__)[$x&7]^eg;

# Reconstruct the right half and the newlines
s^.{27}^$_=reverse$&;y~/\\~\\/~;print$&.$_.$/^eg

How it works

For an explanation of how it works, see the other answer in which I post the same in binary. I am really sorry that I am not actually generating the Koch snowflake, just compressing it...

Previous versions

• (359) Encoded the entire snowflake instead of just the left half. Spaces were included in the bit encoding; no run-length yet. Used several interpolated variables plus a @_ array which was accessed using s/\d/$_[$&]/eg. Newlines were encoded as !.

• (289) First version that encoded only the left half of the snowflake.

• (267) First version that used run-length encoding for the spaces.

• (266) Change ' ' to $".

• (224) Radically different compression, encoded as base-64. (Now equivalent to the binary version.)

• (223) Realised that I can put the print inside the last subst and thus save a semicolon.

Answer 6

Python, 338 bytes

#coding:u8
print u"碜䄎쀠ࢻ﬊翀蝈⼖㗎芰悼컃뚔㓖ᅢ鄒鱖渟犎윽邃淁挢㇌ꎸ⛏偾࿵헝疇颲㬤箁鴩沬饅앎↳\ufaa4軵몳퍋韎巃๧瓠깡未늳蒤ꕴ⁵ᦸ䥝両䣚蟆鼺伍匧䄂앢哪⡈⁙ತ乸ሣ暥ฦꋟ㞨ޯ⿾庾뻛జ⻏燀䲞鷗﫿".encode("utf-16be").decode("zlib")

Just another unicode exploit

run at ideone