RPython (PyPy 4.0.1), 4032
RPython is a restricted subset of Python, which can be translated to C and then compiled using the RPython Toolchain. Its expressed purpose is to aid in the creation of language interpreters, but it can also be used to compile simple programs.
To compile, download the current PyPy source (PyPy 4.0.1), and run the following:
$ pypy /pypy-4.0.1-src/rpython/bin/rpython --opt=3 good-primes.py
The resulting executable will be named good-primes-c or similar in the current working directory.
Implementation Notes
The prime number generator primes is an unbounded Sieve of Eratosthenes, which uses a wheel to avoid any multiples of 2, 3, 5, or 7. It also calls itself recursively to generate the next value to use for marking. I'm quite satisfied with this generator. Line profiling reveals that the slowest two lines are:
37> n += o
38> if n not in sieve:
so I don't think there's much room for improvement, other than perhaps using a larger wheel.
For the "goodness" check, first all factors of two are removed from n-1, using a bit-twiddling hack to find largest power of two which is a divisor (n-1 & 1-n). Because p-1 is necessarily even for any prime p > 2, it follows that 2 must be one of the distinct prime factors. What remains is sent to the is_prime_power function, which does what its name implies. Checking if a value is a prime power is "nearly free", since it is done simultaneously with the primality check, with at most O(logpn) operations, where p is the smallest prime factor of n. Trial division might seem a bit naïve, but by my testing it is the fastest method for values less than 232. I do save a bit by reusing the wheel from the sieve. In particular:
59> while p*p < n:
60> for o in offsets:
by iterating over a wheel of length 48, the p*p < n check will be skipped thousands of times, at the low, low price of no more than 48 additional modulo operations. It also skips over 77% of all candidates, rather than 50% by taking only odds.
The last few outputs are:
3588 (987417437 - 987413849) 60.469000s
3900 (1123404923 - 1123401023) 70.828000s
3942 (1196634239 - 1196630297) 76.594000s
4032 (1247118179 - 1247114147) 80.625000s
4176 (1964330609 - 1964326433) 143.047000s
4224 (2055062753 - 2055058529) 151.562000s
The code is also valid Python, and should reach 3588 ~ 3900 when run with a recent PyPy interpreter.
# primes less than 212
small_primes = [
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,
41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89,
97,101,103,107,109,113,127,131,137,139,149,151,
157,163,167,173,179,181,191,193,197,199,211]
# pre-calced sieve of eratosthenes for n = 2, 3, 5, 7
# distances between sieve values, starting from 211
offsets = [
10, 2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4, 6,
6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 8, 4, 2, 4,
2, 4, 8, 6, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 6,
4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4, 2,10, 2]
# tabulated, mod 105
dindices =[
0,10, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0,
0, 6, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 6, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 2,
0, 6, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 6, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4, 2,
0, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2,
0, 6, 2, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 6, 0, 0, 2, 0, 6, 2,
0, 6, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 6, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4, 8,
0, 0, 2, 0,10, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4, 2]
def primes(start = 0):
for n in small_primes[start:]: yield n
pg = primes(6)
p = pg.next()
q = p*p
sieve = {221: 13, 253: 11}
n = 211
while True:
for o in offsets:
n += o
stp = sieve.pop(n, 0)
if stp:
nxt = n/stp
nxt += dindices[nxt%105]
while nxt*stp in sieve: nxt += dindices[nxt%105]
sieve[nxt*stp] = stp
else:
if n < q:
yield n
else:
sieve[q + dindices[p%105]*p] = p
p = pg.next()
q = p*p
def is_prime_power(n):
for p in small_primes:
if n%p == 0:
n /= p
while n%p == 0: n /= p
return n == 1
p = 211
while p*p < n:
for o in offsets:
p += o
if n%p == 0:
n /= p
while n%p == 0: n /= p
return n == 1
return n > 1
def main(argv):
from time import time
t0 = time()
m = 0
p = q = 7
pgen = primes(3)
for n in pgen:
d = (n-1 & 1-n)
if is_prime_power(n/d):
p, q = q, n
if q-p > m:
m = q-p
print m, "(%d - %d) %fs"%(q, p, time()-t0)
return 0
def target(*args):
return main, None
if __name__ == '__main__':
from sys import argv
main(argv)
RPython (PyPy 4.0.1), 22596
This submission is slightly different than the others posted so far, in that it doesn't check all good primes, but instead makes relatively large jumps. One disadvantage of doing this is that sieves cannot be used [I stand corrected?], so one has to rely entirely on primality testing which in practice is quite a bit slower. There's also a happy medium to be found between the rate of growth, and the number of values checked each time. Smaller values are much faster to check, but larger values are more likely to have larger gaps.
To appease the math gods, I've decided to follow a Fibonacci-like sequence, having the next starting point as the sum of the previous two. If no new records are found after checking 10 pairs, the script moves on the the next.
The last few outputs are:
6420 (12519586667324027 - 12519586667317607) 0.364000s
6720 (707871808582625903 - 707871808582619183) 0.721000s
8880 (626872872579606869 - 626872872579597989) 0.995000s
10146 (1206929709956703809 - 1206929709956693663) 4.858000s
22596 (918415168400717543 - 918415168400694947) 8.797000s
When compiled, 64-bit integers are used, although it is assumed in a few places that two integers may be added without overflow, so in practice only 63 are usable. Upon reaching 62 significant bits, the current value is halved twice, to avoid overflow in the calculation. The result is that the script shuffles through values on the 260 - 262 range. Not surpassing native integer precision also makes the script faster when interpreted.
The following PARI/GP script can be used to confirm this result:
isgoodprime(n) = isprime(n) && omega(n-1)==2
for(n = 918415168400694947, 918415168400717543, {
if(isgoodprime(n), print(n" is a good prime"))
})
try:
from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import r_int64
from rpython.rtyper.lltypesystem.lltype import SignedLongLongLong
from rpython.translator.c.primitive import PrimitiveType
# check if the compiler supports long long longs
if SignedLongLongLong in PrimitiveType:
from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import r_longlonglong
def mul_mod(a, b, m):
return r_int64(r_longlonglong(a)*b%m)
else:
from rpython.rlib.rbigint import rbigint
def mul_mod(a, b, m):
biga = rbigint.fromrarith_int(a)
bigb = rbigint.fromrarith_int(b)
bigm = rbigint.fromrarith_int(m)
return biga.mul(bigb).mod(bigm).tolonglong()
# modular exponentiation b**e (mod m)
def pow_mod(b, e, m):
r = 1
while e:
if e&1: r = mul_mod(b, r, m)
e >>= 1
b = mul_mod(b, b, m)
return r
except:
import sys
r_int64 = int
if sys.maxint == 2147483647:
mul_mod = lambda a, b, m: a*b%m
else:
mul_mod = lambda a, b, m: int(a*b%m)
pow_mod = pow
# legendre symbol (a|m)
# note: returns m-1 if a is a non-residue, instead of -1
def legendre(a, m):
return pow_mod(a, (m-1) >> 1, m)
# strong probable prime
def is_sprp(n, b=2):
if n < 2: return False
d = n-1
s = 0
while d&1 == 0:
s += 1
d >>= 1
x = pow_mod(b, d, n)
if x == 1 or x == n-1:
return True
for r in xrange(1, s):
x = mul_mod(x, x, n)
if x == 1:
return False
elif x == n-1:
return True
return False
# lucas probable prime
# assumes D = 1 (mod 4), (D|n) = -1
def is_lucas_prp(n, D):
Q = (1-D) >> 2
# n+1 = 2**r*s where s is odd
s = n+1
r = 0
while s&1 == 0:
r += 1
s >>= 1
# calculate the bit reversal of (odd) s
# e.g. 19 (10011) <=> 25 (11001)
t = r_int64(0)
while s:
if s&1:
t += 1
s -= 1
else:
t <<= 1
s >>= 1
# use the same bit reversal process to calculate the sth Lucas number
# keep track of q = Q**n as we go
U = 0
V = 2
q = 1
# mod_inv(2, n)
inv_2 = (n+1) >> 1
while t:
if t&1:
# U, V of n+1
U, V = mul_mod(inv_2, U + V, n), mul_mod(inv_2, V + mul_mod(D, U, n), n)
q = mul_mod(q, Q, n)
t -= 1
else:
# U, V of n*2
U, V = mul_mod(U, V, n), (mul_mod(V, V, n) - 2 * q) % n
q = mul_mod(q, q, n)
t >>= 1
# double s until we have the 2**r*sth Lucas number
while r:
U, V = mul_mod(U, V, n), (mul_mod(V, V, n) - 2 * q) % n
q = mul_mod(q, q, n)
r -= 1
# primality check
# if n is prime, n divides the n+1st Lucas number, given the assumptions
return U == 0
# primes less than 212
small_primes = [
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,
41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89,
97,101,103,107,109,113,127,131,137,139,149,151,
157,163,167,173,179,181,191,193,197,199,211]
# pre-calced sieve of eratosthenes for n = 2, 3, 5, 7
indices = [
1, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97,101,103,
107,109,113,121,127,131,137,139,143,149,151,157,
163,167,169,173,179,181,187,191,193,197,199,209]
# distances between sieve values
offsets = [
10, 2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4, 6,
6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 8, 4, 2, 4,
2, 4, 8, 6, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 6,
4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4, 2,10, 2]
bit_lengths = [
0x00000000, 0x00000001, 0x00000003, 0x00000007,
0x0000000F, 0x0000001F, 0x0000003F, 0x0000007F,
0x000000FF, 0x000001FF, 0x000003FF, 0x000007FF,
0x00000FFF, 0x00001FFF, 0x00003FFF, 0x00007FFF,
0x0000FFFF, 0x0001FFFF, 0x0003FFFF, 0x0007FFFF,
0x000FFFFF, 0x001FFFFF, 0x003FFFFF, 0x007FFFFF,
0x00FFFFFF, 0x01FFFFFF, 0x03FFFFFF, 0x07FFFFFF,
0x0FFFFFFF, 0x1FFFFFFF, 0x3FFFFFFF, 0x7FFFFFFF]
max_int = 2147483647
# returns the index of x in a sorted list a
# or the index of the next larger item if x is not present
# i.e. the proper insertion point for x in a
def binary_search(a, x):
s = 0
e = len(a)
m = e >> 1
while m != e:
if a[m] < x:
s = m
m = (s + e + 1) >> 1
else:
e = m
m = (s + e) >> 1
return m
def log2(n):
hi = n >> 32
if hi:
return binary_search(bit_lengths, hi) + 32
return binary_search(bit_lengths, n)
# integer sqrt of n
def isqrt(n):
c = n*4/3
d = log2(c)
a = d>>1
if d&1:
x = r_int64(1) << a
y = (x + (n >> a)) >> 1
else:
x = (r_int64(3) << a) >> 2
y = (x + (c >> a)) >> 1
if x != y:
x = y
y = (x + n/x) >> 1
while y < x:
x = y
y = (x + n/x) >> 1
return x
# integer cbrt of n
def icbrt(n):
d = log2(n)
if d%3 == 2:
x = r_int64(3) << d/3-1
else:
x = r_int64(1) << d/3
y = (2*x + n/(x*x))/3
if x != y:
x = y
y = (2*x + n/(x*x))/3
while y < x:
x = y
y = (2*x + n/(x*x))/3
return x
## Baillie-PSW ##
# this is technically a probabalistic test, but there are no known pseudoprimes
def is_bpsw(n):
if not is_sprp(n, 2): return False
# idea shamelessly stolen from Mathmatica's PrimeQ
# if n is a 2-sprp and a 3-sprp, n is necessarily square-free
if not is_sprp(n, 3): return False
a = 5
s = 2
# if n is a perfect square, this will never terminate
while legendre(a, n) != n-1:
s = -s
a = s-a
return is_lucas_prp(n, a)
# an 'almost certain' primality check
def is_prime(n):
if n < 212:
m = binary_search(small_primes, n)
return n == small_primes[m]
for p in small_primes:
if n%p == 0:
return False
# if n is a 32-bit integer, perform full trial division
if n <= max_int:
p = 211
while p*p < n:
for o in offsets:
p += o
if n%p == 0:
return False
return True
return is_bpsw(n)
# next prime strictly larger than n
def next_prime(n):
if n < 2:
return 2
# first odd larger than n
n = (n + 1) | 1
if n < 212:
m = binary_search(small_primes, n)
return small_primes[m]
# find our position in the sieve rotation via binary search
x = int(n%210)
m = binary_search(indices, x)
i = r_int64(n + (indices[m] - x))
# adjust offsets
offs = offsets[m:] + offsets[:m]
while True:
for o in offs:
if is_prime(i):
return i
i += o
# true if n is a prime power > 0
def is_prime_power(n):
if n > 1:
for p in small_primes:
if n%p == 0:
n /= p
while n%p == 0: n /= p
return n == 1
r = isqrt(n)
if r*r == n:
return is_prime_power(r)
s = icbrt(n)
if s*s*s == n:
return is_prime_power(s)
p = r_int64(211)
while p*p < r:
for o in offsets:
p += o
if n%p == 0:
n /= p
while n%p == 0: n /= p
return n == 1
if n <= max_int:
while p*p < n:
for o in offsets:
p += o
if n%p == 0:
return False
return True
return is_bpsw(n)
return False
def next_good_prime(n):
n = next_prime(n)
d = (n-1 & 1-n)
while not is_prime_power(n/d):
n = next_prime(n)
d = (n-1 & 1-n)
return n
def main(argv):
from time import time
t0 = time()
if len(argv) > 1:
n = r_int64(int(argv[1]))
else:
n = r_int64(7)
if len(argv) > 2:
limit = int(argv[2])
else:
limit = 10
m = 0
e = 1
q = n
try:
while True:
e += 1
p, q = q, next_good_prime(q)
if q-p > m:
m = q-p
print m, "(%d - %d) %fs"%(q, p, time()-t0)
n, q = p, n+p
if log2(q) > 61:
q >>= 2
e = 1
q = next_good_prime(q)
elif e > limit:
n, q = p, n+p
if log2(q) > 61:
q >>= 2
e = 1
q = next_good_prime(q)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
return 0
def target(*args):
return main, None
if __name__ == '__main__':
from sys import argv
main(argv)
