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Python 3: 140 134 113 characters

Short version - short and sweet, fits in a tweet (with thanks to miles):

from math import*
def f(v):
 n=len(v)
 if n<2:return v
 a,b=f(v[::2])*2,f(v[1::2])*2;return[a[i]+b[i]/1j**(i*4/n)for i in range(n)]

(In Python 2, / is truncating division when both sides are integers. So we replace (i*4/n) by (i*4.0/n), which bumps the length to 115 chars.)

Long version - more clarity into the internals of the classic Cooley-Tukey FFT:

import cmath
def transform_radix2(vector):
    n = len(vector)
    if n <= 1:  # Base case
        return vector
    elif n % 2 != 0:
        raise ValueError("Length is not a power of 2")
    else:
        k = n // 2
        even = transform_radix2(vector[0 : : 2])
        odd  = transform_radix2(vector[1 : : 2])
        return [even[i % k] + odd[i % k] * cmath.exp(i * -2j * cmath.pi / n) for i in range(n)]

Python 3: 140 134 113 characters

Short version - short and sweet, fits in a tweet (with thanks to miles):

from math import*
def f(v):
 n=len(v)
 if n<2:return v
 a,b=f(v[::2])*2,f(v[1::2])*2;return[a[i]+b[i]/1j**(i*4/n)for i in range(n)]

(In Python 2, / is truncating division when both sides are integers. So we replace (i*4/n) by (i*4.0/n), which bumps the length to 115 chars.)

Long version - more clarity into the internals of the classic Cooley-Tukey FFT:

import cmath
def transform_radix2(vector):
    n = len(vector)
    if n <= 1:  # Base case
        return vector
    elif n % 2 != 0:
        raise ValueError("Length is not a power of 2")
    else:
        k = n // 2
        even = transform_radix2(vector[0 : : 2])
        odd  = transform_radix2(vector[1 : : 2])
        return [even[i % k] + odd[i % k] * cmath.exp(i * -2j * cmath.pi / n) for i in range(n)]

Python: 140 134 characters

Short version - short and sweet, fits in a tweet:

from math import*
def f(v):
 n=len(v)
 if n<2:return v
 a,b=f(v[::2])*2,f(v[1::2])*2;return[a[i]+b[i]/e**(i*2j*pi/n)for i in range(n)]

Long version - more clarity into the internals:

import cmath
def transform_radix2(vector):
    n = len(vector)
    if n <= 1:  # Base case
        return vector
    elif n % 2 != 0:
        raise ValueError("Length is not a power of 2")
    else:
        k = n // 2
        even = transform(vector[0 : : 2])
        odd  = transform(vector[1 : : 2])
        return [even[i % k] + odd[i % k] * cmath.exp(i * -2j * cmath.pi / n) for i in range(n)]

Python 3: 140 134 113 characters

Short version - short and sweet, fits in a tweet (with thanks to miles):

from math import*
def f(v):
 n=len(v)
 if n<2:return v
 a,b=f(v[::2])*2,f(v[1::2])*2;return[a[i]+b[i]/1j**(i*4/n)for i in range(n)]

(In Python 2, / is truncating division when both sides are integers. So we replace (i*4/n) by (i*4.0/n), which bumps the length to 115 chars.)

Long version - more clarity into the internals of the classic Cooley-Tukey FFT:

import cmath
def transform_radix2(vector):
    n = len(vector)
    if n <= 1:  # Base case
        return vector
    elif n % 2 != 0:
        raise ValueError("Length is not a power of 2")
    else:
        k = n // 2
        even = transform_radix2(vector[0 : : 2])
        odd  = transform_radix2(vector[1 : : 2])
        return [even[i % k] + odd[i % k] * cmath.exp(i * -2j * cmath.pi / n) for i in range(n)]

Python: 140 characters

Short version - short and sweet, fits in a tweet:

from math import*
def f(v):
 n=len(v)
 if n<2:return v
 a,b=f(v[::2]),f(v[1::2]);a+=a;b+=b;return[a[i]+b[i]/e**(i*2j*pi/n)for i in range(n)]

Long version - more clarity into the internals:

import cmath
def transform_radix2(vector):
    n = len(vector)
    if n <= 1:  # Base case
        return vector
    elif n % 2 != 0:
        raise ValueError("Length is not a power of 2")
    else:
        k = n // 2
        even = transform(vector[0 : : 2])
        odd  = transform(vector[1 : : 2])
        return [even[i % k] + odd[i % k] * cmath.exp(i * -2j * cmath.pi / n) for i in range(n)]

Python: 140 134 characters

Short version - short and sweet, fits in a tweet:

from math import*
def f(v):
 n=len(v)
 if n<2:return v
 a,b=f(v[::2])*2,f(v[1::2])*2;return[a[i]+b[i]/e**(i*2j*pi/n)for i in range(n)]

Long version - more clarity into the internals:

import cmath
def transform_radix2(vector):
    n = len(vector)
    if n <= 1:  # Base case
        return vector
    elif n % 2 != 0:
        raise ValueError("Length is not a power of 2")
    else:
        k = n // 2
        even = transform(vector[0 : : 2])
        odd  = transform(vector[1 : : 2])
        return [even[i % k] + odd[i % k] * cmath.exp(i * -2j * cmath.pi / n) for i in range(n)]