##JavaScript (ES6), 3030 27 bytes
Saved 2 bytes thanks to kamoroso94
f=(n,k=1k)=>!n||n>0&&f=>n>0?f(n-kn+~k,k+1-~k):!n
###Test cases
f=(n,k=1k)=>!n||n>0&&f=>n>0?f(n-kn+~k,k+1-~k):!n
console.log('Testing truthy test cases');
console.log(f(1))
console.log(f(3))
console.log(f(6))
console.log(f(10))
console.log(f(15))
console.log(f(21))
console.log(f(55))
console.log(f(276))
console.log(f(1540))
console.log(f(2701))
console.log(f(5050))
console.log(f(7626))
console.log(f(18915))
console.log(f(71253))
console.log(f(173166))
console.log(f(222111))
console.log(f(303031))
console.log(f(307720))
console.log(f(500500))
console.log(f(998991))
console.log('Testing falsy test cases');
console.log(f(2))
console.log(f(4))
console.log(f(5))
console.log(f(7))
console.log(f(8))
console.log(f(9))
console.log(f(11))
console.log(f(16))
console.log(f(32))
console.log(f(50))
console.log(f(290))
console.log(f(555))
console.log(f(4576))
console.log(f(31988))
console.log(f(187394))
console.log(f(501500))
console.log(f(999999))###Non-recursive version (ES7), 19 bytes
Port of Adnan's answer.
x=>(8*x+1)**.5%1==0