Jelly, 18 bytes

PÆfQ0;ðṛW+ḍ€⁸;"o⁶G

Uses 1 instead of *, as allowed by the rules.

Try it online!

Jelly, 18 bytes

PÆfQ0;ðḍ€+W}⁸;"o⁶G

Uses 1 instead of *, as allowed by the rules.

Try it online!

How it works

PÆfQ0;ðḍ€+W}⁸;"o⁶G  Main link. Argument: A (array of integers greater than 1)

P                   Take the product of the integers in A.
 Æf                 Compute all prime factors (with multiplicity) of the product.
   Q                Unique; deduplicate the prime factors.
    0;              Prepend a 0. Let's call the result P.
      ð             Begin a new, dyadic chain. Left argument: P. Right argument: A
       ḍ€           Divisible each; for each p in P, test all integers in A for
                    divisibility by P. Yields one row of the shape of A for each p.
                    Note that the first element of P is 0, so the first row of the
                    resulting matrix contains only zeroes.
          W}        Wrap right; yield [A].
         +          Add the results to both sides. Because of how Jelly's auto-
                    vectorization works, this adds the first row of [A] (just A) to
                    the first row of the divisibility matrix (all zeroes) and
                    leaves the other rows untouched.
            ⁸;"     Prepend the elements of P to the corresponding rows of the
                    previous result.
               o⁶   OR space; replace all zeroes with spaces.
                 G  Grid; format the matrix as requested in the challenge spec.