Pxem (rpxem v0.0.7), 0 + 112 = 112 bytes

Golfed off 139-byte answer!

Filename ([\xHH] means such binary of character)

[\x01].r [\x19]quarter[\x0A]dime[\x05]nickel[\x01]penny._.i6.+.!.i0.-[\x0A].!.+._.+.tA.w.c.m.y.c.m.$.n.m.%.tAB .x.o.c[\x0A].a .oXXx.aAB.x.s.c[\x0A].a.c.a

Try it online!

Input format

Due to rpxem's implementation I had to force fractions part to be exactly two-digit: therefore inputs such as 0.1 have to be fixed to 0.10.

Explained

Program overall:

[\x01].r[\x19]quarter[\x0A]dime[\x05]nickel[\x01]penny
._.i6.+.!
.i0.-[\x0A].!.+
._.+.t
A.w
  .c.m.y
    .c.m.$.n
    .m.%.t
    AB .x.o.c[\x0A].a .o
  XXx.a
  AB.x.s.c[\x0A].a
.c.a

Set stack to 25, "quarter", 10, "dime", 5, "nickel", 1, "penny", 0. The last 0 is the sentry:

[\x01].r[\x19]quarter[\x0A]dime[\x05]nickel[\x01]penny

Given a decimal input, multiply 100.

Get integer part and a period (0x2E, which is 46 in decimal). Then multiple the integer with 100 (= 46 (".") + 54 ("6")):

._.i6.+.!

Get one digit as character. Then interpret as a integer to multiple it with 10 to add to result of previous chunk:

.i0.-[\x0A].!.+

Now read the final digit to add to the result of previous chunk. Now store the result to the register.

._.+.t

Loop 1. do { ... } while @stack.pop != 0:

A.w
  .c.m.y.c.m.$.n.m.%.tAB .x.o.c[\x0A].a .oXXx.aAB.x.s.c[\x0A].a
.c.a

Compare coin value and given input as cents. If so, enter the block. Otherwise don't:

  .c.m.y
    .c.m.$.n.m.%.tAB .x.o.c[\x0A].a .o
  XXx.a

Output register divided by coin value:

    .c.m.$.n

Update register to register modulo coin value:

    .m.%.t

Now top of stack is first character of coin name. Output coin name, with leading and trailing spaces:

    AB .x.o.c[\x0A].a .o

Before getting out of the block push "x", which is greater than \x0A:

  XXx.a

Let top of stack to next coin value (or the sentry zero):

  AB.x.s.c[\x0A].a

Break the loop if reached to sentry zero (remember .w):

.c.a

Reached to end of program: program terminates.