Where are Champernowne's zeroes?

Question

Consider the infinite string of all nonnegative decimal integers concatenated together in order (akin to Champernowne's constant):

0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930...979899100101102103...

Write a program or function that takes in a nonnegative integer that indexes (0-based) into this infinite string. Output a truthy value if the digit indexed is 0, otherwise output a falsy value if the digit is 1-9.

The shortest code in bytes wins.

The first 25 truthy-producing inputs are:

0
11
31
51
71
91
111
131
151
171
191
192
194
197
200
203
206
209
212
215
218
222
252
282
312

Kudos if your program is memory effecient, but this is not a requirement.

Answer 1

Haskell, 25 bytes

(<'1').((show=<<[0..])!!)

Usage example: (<'1').((show=<<[0..])!!) 312 -> True

Answer 2

05AB1E, 5 bytes

Code:

ÝJ¹è_

Explanation:

Ý      # Get the list [0 .. input].
 J     # Join the list.
  ¹    # Get the first input again.
   è   # Get the character on that index.
    _  # Logical negate (0 -> 1, everything else -> 0).

Uses the CP-1252 encoding. Try it online!

Answer 3

Mathematica, 42 40 bytes

(0@@Join@@IntegerDigits@Range@#)[[#]]<1&

Anonymous function. Takes a number as input and returns either True or False as output. A longer, yet more efficient(?) solution:

RealDigits[ChampernowneNumber[],10,1,-#][[1,1]]<1&

Answer 4

CJam, 9 bytes

{_),s=~!}

This is an unnamed block (function) which takes in an integer and returns 0 or 1 accordingly.

Explanation:

{       }        Defines a block
 _               Copy input n
  ),             Increment n and take range
    s            Convert to string - for a list of numbers this concatenates
                 the digits
     =           Index, getting nth digit
      ~          Evaluate the digit character into a number
       !         Logical negation

Online interpreter. Note that ~ evaluates a block. Alternative, you can run this test suite which uses , to filter the first 1000 numbers for truthy values.

Answer 5

Jelly, 6 bytes

RDF⁸ị¬

Try it online! or verify all test cases.

How it works

RDF⁸ị¬  Main link. Argument: n

R       Range; yield [1, ..., n].
 D      Decimal; convert all integers in that range to base 10 arrays.
  F     Flatten the result.
   ⁸ị   Extract the digit at index n (1-based).
        This returns 0 if the array is empty (n = 0).
     ¬  Logical NOT; return 1 if the digit is 0, 0 if not.

Answer 6

MATL, 11 bytes

Qt:qVXzw)U~

Try it Online!

Explanation:

    % Implicitly grab input as an integer (N)
Qt  % Add 1 and duplicate
:q  % Create an array from [0 ... N]
V   % Convert each entry to a string (places spaces between each number)
Xz  % Remove all whitespace
w)  % Get the N+1 element of the string (since MATL uses 1-based indexing natively)
U~  % Convert the result back to a number and negate which yields TRUE if it was '0' and
    % FALSE otherwise

Answer 7

Brachylog, 10 8 bytes

2 bytes thanks to Fatalize.

y@ec:?m0

Try it online!

y@ec:?m0

y         range from 0 to Input, inclusive,
 @e       the digits of every number in that range,
   c      concatenated
    :?m   the Input-th digit
       0  is zero.

Answer 8

Perl 6, 26 25 bytes

{!+map(|*.comb,0..*)[$_]}

A lambda that takes a number as input and returns a True or False.

Memory-efficient.

How it works

1. 0..* – Construct the range from 0 to infinity.
2. map(|*.comb, ) – Lazily iterate the range, replacing each number with the characters of its string representation, and returning a new lazy sequence. The | keeps the new sequence flattened.
3. [$_] – Take the element at the index defined by the (implicitly declared) lambda parameter $_.
4. + – Coerce it to a number. (This step is needed because coercing a string directly to a boolean always gives True unless the string is empty.)
5. ! – Coerce it to a boolean and negate it.

(try it online)

EDIT: -1 byte thanks to b2gills.

Answer 9

Python 3.5, 40 bytes

lambda n:('%d'*-~n%(*range(n),n))[n]<'1'

Test it on repl.it.

How it works

For input n, '%d'*-~n repeats the format string n + 1 times.

(*range(n),n) unpacks the range [0, ..., n - 1] and yields the tuple (0, ..., n).

...%... replaces each occurrence of %d with the corresponding integer in the range, yielding the string 01234567891011...n.

(...)[n]<'1' selects the character at index n and tests if it is less than the character 1.

Answer 10

Python 3, 44 bytes

lambda n:''.join(map(str,range(n+1)))[n]<'1'

An anonymous function that takes input via argument and returns True or False as appropriate.

How it works

lambda n      Anonymous function with input n
range(n+1)    Yield the range [0, n]...
map(str,...)  ...convert all elements to string...
''.join(..)   ...concatenate...
...[n]        ...yield nth character...
:...<'1'      ...return True if int(character)==0 else return False

Try it on Ideone

Answer 11

Pyth, 8 7 bytes

Thanks to @LeakyNun for -1 byte

!s@jkUh

This is my first attempt at golfing in Pyth.

A full program that prints True or False as appropriate.

Try it online

First 25 truthy inputs

How it works

!s@jkUh    Program. Input: Q
      hQ   Head. Yield Q+1
     U     Unary range. Yield [0, Q]
   jk      Join. Join on empty string
  @     Q  Index. Yield string[Q]
 s         Integer. Convert to integer
!          Logical negation. 0 -> True, all other digits -> False
           Print. Print result implicitly

Answer 12

S.I.L.O.S, 141 bytes

readIO
i+1
lblL
c=C
p=1
lblc
p*10
c/10
if c c
p/10
lbln
m=C
m/p
m%10
p/10
i-1
if i C
GOTO H
lblC
if p n
C+1
GOTO L
lblH
m/m
m-1
m|
printInt m

Try it online!

Uses only 5 integers, maximum memory efficiency \o/

Explanation

We generate as many digits as the input in the Champernowne's constant.

In the main loop, we do the following:

• Find the length of the current number by floor_dividing it by 10 repeatedly until it reaches 0, and then count the number of divisions used.
• Instead of storing the number of divisions, we store 10 to that number power instead.
• Iterate through each digit as such: the 100s digit of 1234 is obtained by (1234/10)%10 where / is floor division.
• For each digit generated, take 1 from the input, while checking if the input reached zero.
• If the input reaches zero, check if the current digit is 0 and then halts.

Answer 13

JavaScript (ES6), 45 bytes + Kudos

f=(n,s='0')=>s[n]?!+s[n]:f(n-s.length,-~s+'')

My best non-Kudos version was 34 bytes:

n=>!+(g=s=>s[n]||g(s+i++))('',i=0)

Answer 14

JavaScript (ES6), 47 bytes

n=>[...Array(n+1)].reduce((a,_,i)=>a+i,'')[n]<1

Answer 15

Javascript (ES6), 42 33 bytes

n=>!+(r=i=>i>n?'':i+r(i+1))(0)[n]

Example:

let f =
n=>!+(r=i=>i>n?'':i+r(i+1))(0)[n]

// test all integers in [0, 312]
for(var n = 0, list = []; n <= 312; n++) {
  f(n) && list.push(n);
}
console.log(list.join(','));

Answer 16

Groovy, 56 bytes

def f(n){def s=''<<'';(0..n).each{s<<it};!(s[n] as int)}

Nothing fancy, but I'm trying out some new things.

def f(n) {
  def s = ''<<''           // declare a StringBuffer
  (0..n).each { s << it }
  !(s[n] as int)           // Groovy considers a non-null char truthy, so we have to cast 
}

Answer 17

Perl, 24 bytes

Includes +1 for -p

Run with input on STDIN:

zero.pl <<< 31

print 1 for zero, nothing otherwise

zero.pl

$_=!(map/./g,0..$_)[$_]

Answer 18

zsh, 31 bytes

exit ${${(j..):-{0..$1}}[$1+1]}

exit 0 is true in zsh

Answer 19

PHP, 36 bytes

<?=!join(range(0,$a=$argv[1]))[$a];

Print 1 if Champernowne argument-th decimal is 0, else print '' (empty string).

Answer 20

Ruby, 35 23 bytes

This is an anonymous function that concatenates [0..n], takes the nth index and checks if that char is "0" (less than "1"). Golfing suggestions welcome.

->n{([*0..n]*'')[n]<?1}

Ungolfing

->n{...}   # Create an anonymous function with parameter n.
[*0..n]    # Create an array of the range [0..n].
[...]*''   # Join the array using the empty string.
(...)[n]   # Take the char at the n-th index of the string.
<?1        # Check if the char is < "1" (that is, "0").

Answer 21

Bash, 31 28 bytes

seq -s "" 0 $1|egrep ^.{$1}0

Output is non-empty (truthy) or empty (falsy). Test it on Ideone.

Answer 22

Julia, 21 20 bytes

!n=join(0:n)[n+1]<49

Thanks to @LuisMendo for golfing off 1 byte!

Try it online!

Answer 23

R, 61 57 bytes

Thanks to @plannapus for 4 bytes.

n=scan();strsplit(paste(0:n,collapse=""),"")[[1]][n+1]==0

Creates a vector of numbers 0:n (for 0 indexing), creates a string of them, pulls the nth value from string (adjusting for 0 indexing). Converts to numeric and tests if it is 0.

Answer 24

APL (Dyalog Unicode), 14 bytes

{~×⍎⍵⊃∊⍕¨⍳1+⍵}

Try it online!

Explanation

{~×⍎⍵⊃∊⍕¨⍳1+⍵}     ⍝ 
{            }     ⍝ A dfn, in this case with a single argument (⍵)
         ⍳1+⍵      ⍝ Computes the range of 0..arg
       ⍕¨          ⍝ For each (¨), convert to a string (⍕)
      ∊            ⍝ Enlist all strings into a single string
    ⍵⊃             ⍝ Pick (⊃) the element at the index of the given arg (⍵)
   ⍎               ⍝ 'Execute' to treat it as a numeric
  ×                ⍝ Turn >1 into 1
 ~                 ⍝ Negate

Answer 25

GolfScript, 12 bytes

~.),""*\=48=

Explanation:

~             Evaluate the input.
 .            Duplicate it
  )           Increment the duplicate.
   ,          Create an array from 0 to it.
    ""*       Join it with an empty string.
       \=     Get the n-th index of this string, where n is the input
         48=  Is it equal to 0?

Try it online or verify all test cases!

Answer 26

C, 154 bytes

s(n,v,k,z){for(k=1;(z=n%10,n/=10)&&!v||k<v;++k); return v?z:k;}
f(n,i,j,c){for(i=0,j=0;;++i){c=s(i,0,0,0);j+=c;if(j>n){c=s(i,j-n,c,0);break;}}return !c;}

the function that calculate the value is f(n,0,0,0) where n is the input index. it can calculate from index changing "return !c" in "return c" the value of the array in that index... i don't understand how but it seems to work ok....

main()
{int   i,r;
 char  a[]="0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536";

 for(i=0; i<1000; ++i) 
    if(r=f(i,0,0,0))  
        printf("%u|",i);
}
/*
 154
 0|11|31|51|71|91|111|131|151|171|191|192|194|197|200|203|206|209|212|215|218|222
|252|282|312|342|372|402|432|462|491|492|494|497|500|503|506|509|512|515|518|522|552
|582|612|642|672|702|732|762|791|792|794|797|800|803|806|809|812|815|818|822|852
|882|912|942|972|
*/

Answer 27

Javascript (ES5): 61 60 bytes

function(b){for(s="";s.length<b;)s+=s.length;return 0==s[b]}

Ungolfed:

function a(b){
  for(var s="";s.length<b;)
    s+=s.length;
  }
  return (s[b]==0);
}

Old:

function(n){s="";while(s.length<n)s+=s.length;return s[n]==0}

Ungolfed old:

function a(n){
  var str="";
  while(str.length<n)str+=str.length; //Create String as long as needed
  return str[n]==0 //Check for 0 and return
}

Answer 28

CoffeeScript, 56 bytes

a=(b)->
 s=""
 while s.length<b #loop for building string with required length
  s+=s.length     #add number
 "0"==s[b]        #return, if the number at the position equals zero

Answer 29

C#, 71 bytes

And I thought it was short at first, but then I had to add n+=11 to prevent it from throwing a System.IndexOutOfRangeException when numbers below 11 were input

return String.Join("",Enumerable.Range(0,n+=11).ToArray())[n]=='0'?1:0;

Answer 30

Pyke, 7 bytes

m`sQ@b!

Try it here!