Convert string to time

Question

This challenge is inspired by this other.

The challenge

Write a program or a function in any programming language that given as input a string representing a time in English (see below, for further details) it outputs or prints the equivalent in the 24 hours "digital" format HH:MM.

Shortest code in bytes wins, standard loopholes are forbidden.

Input format

Your program should be able to handle all this kind of inputs:

one minute past 'HOUR'
'MINUTES' minutes past 'HOUR'
quarter past 'HOUR'
half past 'HOUR'
one minute to 'HOUR'
'MINUTES' minutes to 'HOUR'
quarter to 'HOUR'
'HOUR'
'HOUR12' 'MINUTES' AM
'HOUR12' 'MINUTES' PM

where: MINUTES is a number from 1 to 59 written in English with hyphen; HOUR is the name of an hour in one of the formats:

midnight
noon
midday
'HOUR24' o'clock
'HOUR12' o'clock AM
'HOUR12' o'clock PM

HOUR12 is a number from 1 to 12 written in English with hyphen; and HOUR24 is a number from 1 to 23 written in English with hyphen.

Some examples

midnight                                  ->   00:00
midday                                    ->   12:00
twelve o'clock                            ->   12:00
quarter to midnight                       ->   23:45
twenty-two minutes past eight o'clock PM  ->   20:22
thirty-four minutes to fifteen o'clock    ->   14:26
six o'clock AM                            ->   06:00
one minute to twenty-one o'clock          ->   20:59
seven thirteen AM                         ->   07:13
nine fourteen PM                          ->   21:14

Good luck!

Answer 1

Ruby, 653 597 Bytes

P=/ past | to /;T=%w{q twen thirty fourty fifty sixty el twe thi fourte fifte sixt sevent eighte ninet o tw th fo fi si s e n t}.zip([15,*(2..6).map{|i|i*10},*11..19,*1..10]).to_h;D={'middnight'=>0,'midday'=>12,'noon'=>12};n=->s{s.split('-').reduce(0){|p,v|(Array(T.find{|k,_|v.start_with? k}).last||0)+p}};i=->s{m=0;s=s.gsub(/^\s+|\s+$/,'');c=s.split(P);(c.reverse! if s.match(P));h=D[c[0]]||n.(c[0].gsub(/ o\'clock (A|P)m/,''));h+=(s.end_with?('PM') ? 12 : 0);m=n.(c[1]||c[0].split(' ')[1]) if c[1]||c[0].match(/^\w+ (?!o'clock)/);(m=60-m;h=(h-1)%24)if s.match(/ to /);(sprintf '%02d:%02d',h,m)}

Ungolfed:

P=/ past | to /
# configuration for translating english words to numbers
T=%w{q twen thirty fourty fifty sixty el twe thi fourte fifte sixt sevent eighte ninet o tw th fo fi si s e n t}.zip([15,*(2..6).map{|i|i*10},*11..19,*1..10]).to_h
D={'middnight'=>0,'midday'=>12,'noon'=>12}

# proc for translating english word groups to a number
n=-> s {
  s.split('-').reduce(0) { |p,v|
    (Array(T.find {|k,_| v.start_with? k}).last || 0) + p
  }
}

i=-> s {
  m=0
  s=s.gsub(/^\s+|\s+$/,'')
  c=s.split(P)
  (c.reverse! if s.match(P))

  # set the hour
  h=D[c[0]]||n.(c[0].gsub(/ o\'clock (A|P)m/,''))
  h+=(s.end_with?('PM') ? 12 : 0)

  # set the minute
  m=n.(c[1]||c[0].split(' ')[1]) if c[1]||c[0].match(/^\w+ (?!o'clock)/)

  # adjust for 'past'
  (m=60-m;h=(h-1)%24)if s.match(/ to /)

  sprintf '%02d:%02d',h,m
}

Verification script used:

examples = <<EXAMPLES
midnight                                  ->   00:00
midday                                    ->   12:00
twelve o'clock                            ->   12:00
quarter to midnight                       ->   23:45
twenty-two minutes past eight o'clock PM  ->   20:22
thirty-four minutes to fifteen o'clock    ->   14:26
six o'clock AM                            ->   06:00
one minute to twenty-one o'clock          ->   20:59
seven thirteen AM                         ->   07:13
nine fourteen PM                          ->   21:14
EXAMPLES

examples.split("\n").each do |example|
  text, expected = example.split(/\s+->\s+/)
  r = i.(text)
  raise "Unexpected result for \"#{text}\". Got \"#{r}\", expected \"#{expected}\"" unless r == expected
  print "."
end

Thank you to Kevin Lau for 47 bytes of optimization