Check if point lies inside triangle

Question

Your goal is to determine whether a given 2D point X lies within the area of the triangle with given vertices A,B,C.

Write a function that takes in the coordinates of the test point X and the three triangle vertices (so that's 8 coordinates total) and returns True if the point lies inside that triangle, and False if it lies outside.

Don't worry about edge cases. If the point lies on the boundary of the triangle (edge or vertex) or the triangle is actually a line segment, your code can do whatever, including crashing. Also don't worry about numerical stability or floating-point precision.

Your code must be a named function. Code snippets will not be accepted.

Fewest characters wins.

Input:

Eight real numbers representing coordinates. The numbers will lie in the range (-1,1).

The exact input format is flexible. You could, for example, take in eight numbers, a list of eight numbers, a list of four points each given by a tuple, a 2*4 matrix, four complex numbers, two lists of the x-coordinates and y-coordinates, and so on.

The input needs to just be the numbers in some container, with no additional data. You can't use the input to do any preprocessing, nor may you require any constraints on the input, such as requiring the points be given in ascending y coordinate. Your input must allow any eight coordinates (though your code can behave arbitrarily in the edge cases mentioned earlier).

Please state your input format.

Output:

Either the corresponding Boolean True/False, the corresponding number 1/0, or the analogues in your language.

Test cases

The inputs are given a list [X,A,B,C] of four tuples, the test point first, then the three triangle vertices. I've grouped them into those whose outputs should be True and those that should be False.

True instances:

[(-0.31961, -0.12646), (0.38478, 0.37419), (-0.30613, -0.59754), (-0.85548, 0.6633)]
[(-0.87427, -0.00831), (0.78829, 0.60409), (-0.90904, -0.13856), (-0.80685, 0.48468)]
[(0.28997, -0.03668), (-0.28362, 0.42831), (0.39332, -0.07474), (-0.48694, -0.10497)]
[(-0.07783, 0.04415), (-0.34355, -0.07161), (0.59105, -0.93145), (0.29402, 0.90334)]
[(0.36107, 0.05389), (0.27103, 0.47754), (-0.00341, -0.79472), (0.82549, -0.29028)]
[(-0.01655, -0.20437), (-0.36194, -0.90281), (-0.26515, -0.4172), (0.36181, 0.51683)]
[(-0.12198, -0.45897), (-0.35128, -0.85405), (0.84566, 0.99364), (0.13767, 0.78618)]
[(-0.03847, -0.81531), (-0.18704, -0.33282), (-0.95717, -0.6337), (0.10976, -0.88374)]
[(0.07904, -0.06245), (0.95181, -0.84223), (-0.75583, -0.34406), (0.16785, 0.87519)]
[(-0.33485, 0.53875), (-0.25173, 0.51317), (-0.62441, -0.90698), (-0.47925, 0.74832)]

False instances:

[(-0.99103, 0.43842), (0.78128, -0.10985), (-0.84714, -0.20558), (-0.08925, -0.78608)]
[(0.15087, -0.56212), (-0.87374, -0.3787), (0.86403, 0.60374), (0.01392, 0.84362)]
[(0.1114, 0.66496), (-0.92633, 0.27408), (0.92439, 0.43692), (0.8298, -0.29647)]
[(0.87786, -0.8594), (-0.42283, -0.97999), (0.58659, -0.327), (-0.22656, 0.80896)]
[(0.43525, -0.8923), (0.86119, 0.78278), (-0.01348, 0.98093), (-0.56244, -0.75129)]
[(-0.73365, 0.28332), (0.63263, 0.17177), (-0.38398, -0.43497), (-0.31123, 0.73168)]
[(-0.57694, -0.87713), (-0.93622, 0.89397), (0.93117, 0.40775), (0.2323, -0.30718)]
[(0.91059, 0.75966), (0.60118, 0.73186), (0.32178, 0.88296), (-0.90087, -0.26367)]
[(0.3463, -0.89397), (0.99108, 0.13557), (0.50122, -0.8724), (0.43385, 0.00167)]
[(0.88121, 0.36469), (-0.29829, 0.21429), (0.31395, 0.2734), (0.43267, -0.78192)]

Answer 1

Javascript / ECMAScript 6, 161 159 158 / 152

Javascript:

function $(t,r,i,a,n,g,l,e){b=(-g*l+a*(-n+l)+i*(g-e)+n*e)/2;c=b<0?-1:1;d=(a*l-i*e+(e-a)*t+(i-l)*r)*c;f=(i*g-a*n+(a-g)*t+(n-i)*r)*c;return d>0&&f>0&&d+f<2*b*c}

ECMAScript 6 version (thanks m.buettner, saves 6 characters)

$=(t,r,i,a,n,g,l,e)=>{b=(-g*l+a*(-n+l)+i*(g-e)+n*e)/2;c=b<0?-1:1;d=(a*l-i*e+(e-a)*t+(i-l)*r)*c;f=(i*g-a*n+(a-g)*t+(n-i)*r)*c;return d>0&&f>0&&d+f<2*b*c}

Call it as such (returns true or false):

$(pointX, pointY, v1X, v1Y, v2X, v2Y, v3X, v3Y);

Uses some fancy barycentric coordinate math based on code from this answer. An ungolfed version for your reading enjoyment follows:

function $ (pointX, pointY, v1X, v1Y, v2X, v2Y, v3X, v3Y) {
  var A =  (-v2Y * v3X + v1Y * (-v2X + v3X) + v1X * (v2Y - v3Y) + v2X * v3Y) / 2;
  var sign = A < 0 ? -1 : 1;
  var s = (v1Y * v3X - v1X * v3Y + (v3Y - v1Y) * pointX + (v1X - v3X) * pointY) * sign;
  var t = (v1X * v2Y - v1Y * v2X + (v1Y - v2Y) * pointX + (v2X - v1X) * pointY) * sign;
  return s > 0 && t > 0 && s + t < 2 * A * sign;
}

Answer 2

Python 2.7 128 127 117 110 109 103 99 95 94 91 90

My first code-golf attempt!

Code

f=lambda x,y,t:sum(a*y+c*b+d*x<d*a+c*y+b*x for i in(0,1,2)for a,b,c,d in[t[i-1]+t[i]])%3<1

Takes as input (x,y,t) where (x,y) is the point we're checking and t is a triangle t = ((x1,y1),(x2,y2),(x3,y3)).

Explanation

I'm calculating the determinants of the matrices

| 1 x1 y1 |      | 1 x2 y2 |      | 1 x3 y3 |
| 1 x2 y2 | ,    | 1 x3 y3 | ,    | 1 x1 y1 | .
| 1 x  y  |      | 1 x  y  |      | 1 x  y  |

These determinants represent the signed distances from the sides of the triangle to the point (x,y). If they all have the same sign, then the point is on the same side of every line and is thus contained in the triangle.

In the code above, a*y+c*b+d*x-d*a-c*y-b*x is a determinant of one of these matrices.

I'm using the fact that True+True+True==3 and False+False+False==0 to determine if these determinants all have the same sign.

I make use of Python's negative list indices by using t[-1] instead of t[(i+1)%3].

Thanks Peter for the idea to use s%3<1 instead of s in(0,3) to check if s is either 0 or 3!

Sagemath Version

Not really a different solution so I'm including it in this answer, a sagemath solution using 80 characters:

f=lambda p,t,o=[1]:sum([det(Matrix([o+t[i-1],o+t[i],o+p]))<0for i in 0,1,2])%3<1

where p=[x,y], and t=[[x1,y1],[x2,y2],[x3,y3]]

Answer 3

Mathematica, 67 bytes

f=Equal@@({#2,-#}&@@(#-#2).(x-#)>0&@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])&

The function takes two arguments, the point X and a list of points {A,B,C}, which are referred to as # and #2 respectively. That is if you call

f[X,{A,B,C}]

then you'll get # as X and #2 as {A,B,C}. (Note that there are two other anonymous functions nested inside the code - # and #2 have a different meaning within those.)

Here is an explanation of the function itself:

                                              x=#;#2            & (* Save X into a variable x, but evaluate to {A,B,C}. *)
                                    Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}] & (* Get a cyclic list of pairs {{A,B},{B,C},{C,B}}. *)
       (                        &@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])& (* Define an anonymous function and apply it to each 
                                                                     of the above pairs. The two elements are referred 
                                                                     to as # and #2. *)
       (          (#-#2)        &@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])& (* Subtract the two points. For a pair of vertices 
                                                                     this yields a vector corresponding to the edge 
                                                                     between them. *)
        {#2,-#}&                                                  (* An anonymous function that takes two values, 
                                                                     reverses them, inverts the sign of one of them 
                                                                     and puts them into a list. *)
       ({#2,-#}&@@(#-#2)        &@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])& (* Applied to the edge, this yields its normal. *)
       ({#2,-#}&@@(#-#2).(x-#)  &@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])& (* Take the scalar product of that normal with a
                                                                     vector from a vertex to x. This is projection of 
                                                                     this vector onto that normal and hence the SIGNED
                                                                     distance of x from the edge. *)
       ({#2,-#}&@@(#-#2).(x-#)>0&@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])& (* Check the sign of that distance, the exact mapping 
                                                                     between (left, right) and (True, False) is 
                                                                     irrelevant, as long as it's consistent. *)
Equal@@({#2,-#}&@@(#-#2).(x-#)>0&@@@Partition[x=#;#2,2,1,{1,1}])& (* Check if all signs are equal - that is, if point X 
                                                                     lies on the same side of all edges. This is 
                                                                     equivalent to check that the point is inside the 
                                                                     triangle. *)

Note that this function will actually work for any convex n-gon as long as its vertices are given in either clockwise or counter-clockwise order.

Answer 4

CJam, 66 63 59 52 46 34 32 31 30 28 characters

"Ă䒟损崙㩴ァ椟饃꿾藭鑭蘁"2G#b131b:c~

After transforming the Unicode string, the following code (33 bytes) gets evaluated:

{2*2/\f{f{+~@-@@-}~@@*@@*>})-!}:T

Expects X [A B C] as input, where each point is of the form [double double]. Output is 1 or 0.

Try it online.

A big thank you goes to user23013 for saving 6 characters (13 bytes of uncompressed code)!

Test cases

$ cat triangle.cjam
"Ă䒟损崙㩴ァ椟饃꿾藭鑭蘁"2G#b131b:c~

[
  [-0.31961 -0.12646] [ [0.38478 0.37419]   [-0.30613 -0.59754] [-0.85548 0.6633]   ] T
  [-0.87427 -0.00831] [ [0.78829 0.60409]   [-0.90904 -0.13856] [-0.80685 0.48468]  ] T
  [0.28997 -0.03668]  [ [-0.28362 0.42831]  [0.39332 -0.07474]  [-0.48694 -0.10497] ] T
  [-0.07783 0.04415]  [ [-0.34355 -0.07161] [0.59105 -0.93145]  [0.29402 0.90334]   ] T
  [0.36107 0.05389]   [ [0.27103 0.47754]   [-0.00341 -0.79472] [0.82549 -0.29028]  ] T
  [-0.01655 -0.20437] [ [-0.36194 -0.90281] [-0.26515 -0.4172]  [0.36181 0.51683]   ] T
  [-0.12198 -0.45897] [ [-0.35128 -0.85405] [0.84566 0.99364]   [0.13767 0.78618]   ] T
  [-0.03847 -0.81531] [ [-0.18704 -0.33282] [-0.95717 -0.6337]  [0.10976 -0.88374]  ] T
  [0.07904 -0.06245]  [ [0.95181 -0.84223]  [-0.75583 -0.34406] [0.16785 0.87519]   ] T
  [-0.33485 0.53875]  [ [-0.25173 0.51317]  [-0.62441 -0.90698] [-0.47925 0.74832]  ] T
  [-0.99103 0.43842]  [ [0.78128 -0.10985]  [-0.84714 -0.20558] [-0.08925 -0.78608] ] T
  [0.15087 -0.56212]  [ [-0.87374 -0.3787]  [0.86403 0.60374]   [0.01392 0.84362]   ] T
  [0.1114 0.66496]    [ [-0.92633 0.27408]  [0.92439 0.43692]   [0.8298 -0.29647]   ] T
  [0.87786 -0.8594]   [ [-0.42283 -0.97999] [0.58659 -0.327]    [-0.22656 0.80896]  ] T
  [0.43525 -0.8923]   [ [0.86119 0.78278]   [-0.01348 0.98093]  [-0.56244 -0.75129] ] T
  [-0.73365 0.28332]  [ [0.63263 0.17177]   [-0.38398 -0.43497] [-0.31123 0.73168]  ] T
  [-0.57694 -0.87713] [ [-0.93622 0.89397]  [0.93117 0.40775]   [0.2323 -0.30718]   ] T
  [0.91059 0.75966]   [ [0.60118 0.73186]   [0.32178 0.88296]   [-0.90087 -0.26367] ] T
  [0.3463 -0.89397]   [ [0.99108 0.13557]   [0.50122 -0.8724]   [0.43385 0.00167]   ] T
  [0.88121 0.36469]   [ [-0.29829 0.21429]  [0.31395 0.2734]    [0.43267 -0.78192]  ] T
]p;

$ cjam triangle.cjam
[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]

Answer 5

C – 156 bytes

Input are array of 3 floats in X, 3 floats in Y and separate x and y for the test point. Bonus: handles all edge cases!

int f(float*X,float*Y,float x,float y){int i,j,c=0;for(i=0,j=2;i<3;j=i++)if(((Y[i]>y)!=(Y[j]>y))&&(x<(X[j]-X[i])*(y-Y[i])/(Y[j]-Y[i])+X[i]))c=!c;return c;}

Adapted from PNPOLY.

Answer 6

Pyth 1.0.5, 57 54 51

DgYb=Z0J'bWbK;bDiHNR*-'H'K-@N1@K1~Z>iYJiJY=JK)R!%Z3

Defines the function g, which takes two inputs: the test point, and then the list of the vertices of the triangle. Outputs True and False. Note: Destroys the input, specifically b, the list of the vertices of the triangle.

Try it here. The last few characters, gvwvw call the function with a test case on the next two lines.

Based on this algorithm

Explanation:

DgYb                  Define g(Y,b):
=Z0                     Z=0
J'b                     J=b[0]              (No = is needed because j is special).
Wb                      While len(b)>0:     (While b:)
K;b                       K=b.pop()
DiHN                      Define i(H,N):    
R*-'H'K-@N1@K1              Return half of the linked equation.
~ZiYJiJY                  Z+=i(Y,J)>i(J,Y)
=JK                       J=K
)                       Wend
R!%Z3                   return not Z%3==0   (True iff Z == 0 or 3)

The CJam - Pyth war rages on!

Answer 7

J 64 45 (42 without assignment)

c=:*./@(>:&0)@({.(,(1-+/))@%.|:@}.)@(}:-"1{:)

The assignment is not necessary for the thing to be a function, so unsure whether to count it or not. Taking advantage of the flexible input: I'd like to have an array of (1 + number of vertices) x (dimensionality of the space).

Hoping to score some extra points here ... : This thing works for any dimension of simplex, not just triangles in a plane, but also a 3 sided pyramid in 3d space and so on. It also works when the number of vertices of the simplex is smaller than (n+1), then it computes whether the projection of the point onto the simplex is inside or not.

It converts to barycentric coordinates, then checks for negative ones, indicating the point is outside. Do mind J uses _ for negative

NB. example in triangle
D =: 4 2 $ 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 2 NB. 4 rows , x first, then the vertices of the triangle

NB. subtract last vertex coordinates from the rest and drop reference node
n=: (}:-"1{:)

NB. preprocessed to barycentric coordinates
bar=: {. (, 1 - +/)@%. |:@}.

NB. all positive
ap =: *./@(>:&0)

insided =: ap@bar@n

inside D
1

A run on the given examples:

   true =: 0 : 0
[(-0.31961, -0.12646), (0.38478, 0.37419), (-0.30613, -0.59754), (-0.85548, 0.6633)]
[(-0.87427, -0.00831), (0.78829, 0.60409), (-0.90904, -0.13856), (-0.80685, 0.48468)]
[(0.28997, -0.03668), (-0.28362, 0.42831), (0.39332, -0.07474), (-0.48694, -0.10497)]
[(-0.07783, 0.04415), (-0.34355, -0.07161), (0.59105, -0.93145), (0.29402, 0.90334)]
[(0.36107, 0.05389), (0.27103, 0.47754), (-0.00341, -0.79472), (0.82549, -0.29028)]
[(-0.01655, -0.20437), (-0.36194, -0.90281), (-0.26515, -0.4172), (0.36181, 0.51683)]
[(-0.12198, -0.45897), (-0.35128, -0.85405), (0.84566, 0.99364), (0.13767, 0.78618)]
[(-0.03847, -0.81531), (-0.18704, -0.33282), (-0.95717, -0.6337), (0.10976, -0.88374)]
[(0.07904, -0.06245), (0.95181, -0.84223), (-0.75583, -0.34406), (0.16785, 0.87519)]
[(-0.33485, 0.53875), (-0.25173, 0.51317), (-0.62441, -0.90698), (-0.47925, 0.74832)]
)

   false =: 0 : 0
[(-0.99103, 0.43842), (0.78128, -0.10985), (-0.84714, -0.20558), (-0.08925, -0.78608)]
[(0.15087, -0.56212), (-0.87374, -0.3787), (0.86403, 0.60374), (0.01392, 0.84362)]
[(0.1114, 0.66496), (-0.92633, 0.27408), (0.92439, 0.43692), (0.8298, -0.29647)]
[(0.87786, -0.8594), (-0.42283, -0.97999), (0.58659, -0.327), (-0.22656, 0.80896)]
[(0.43525, -0.8923), (0.86119, 0.78278), (-0.01348, 0.98093), (-0.56244, -0.75129)]
[(-0.73365, 0.28332), (0.63263, 0.17177), (-0.38398, -0.43497), (-0.31123, 0.73168)]
[(-0.57694, -0.87713), (-0.93622, 0.89397), (0.93117, 0.40775), (0.2323, -0.30718)]
[(0.91059, 0.75966), (0.60118, 0.73186), (0.32178, 0.88296), (-0.90087, -0.26367)]
[(0.3463, -0.89397), (0.99108, 0.13557), (0.50122, -0.8724), (0.43385, 0.00167)]
[(0.88121, 0.36469), (-0.29829, 0.21429), (0.31395, 0.2734), (0.43267, -0.78192)]
)
   NB. replace - by _ to avoid problems
   NB. cut up per row, drop the [ ] and convert to numbers
   $dat_t =: ((4 2 $ ".)@}:@}.;._2) (true='-')} true ,: '_'
10 4 2
   $dat_f =: ((4 2 $ ".)@}:@}.;._2) (false='-')}false,: '_'
10 4 2
   NB. this results in arrays with shape 10 4 2

   NB. for each 4 x 2 array (rank 2), do c for all true instances
   c=:*./@(>:&0)@({.(,(1-+/))@%.|:@}.)@(}:-"1{:)
   c"2 dat_t
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   NB. the same for the false ones, demonstrating anonymous usage
   NB. still a function though (or verb in J parlance)
   *./@(>:&0)@({.(,(1-+/))@%.|:@}.)@(}:-"1{:)"2 dat_f
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Answer 8

HTML5 + JS, 13b + 146b / 141b / 114 chars

HTML:

<canvas id=C>

JS (146b):

// @params: t1x, t1y, t2x, t2y, t3x, t3y, pointx, pointy
function T(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h){with(C.getContext("2d"))return beginPath(),moveTo(a,b),lineTo(c,d),lineTo(e,f),fill(),!!getImageData(g,h,1,1).data[3]}

or ES6 (141b):

T=(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)=>{with(C.getContext("2d"))return beginPath(),moveTo(a,b),lineTo(c,d),lineTo(e,f),fill(),!!getImageData(g,h,1,1).data[3]}

or ES6 unicode-obfuscated (114 chars):

eval(unescape(escape('𥀽𚁡𛁢𛁣𛁤𛁥𛁦𛁧𛁨𚐽🡻𭱩𭁨𚁃𛡧𩑴𠱯𫡴𩑸𭀨𘠲𩀢𚐩𬡥𭁵𬡮𘁢𩑧𪑮𤁡𭁨𚀩𛁭𫱶𩑔𫰨𨐬𨠩𛁬𪑮𩑔𫰨𨰬𩀩𛁬𪑮𩑔𫰨𩐬𩠩𛁦𪑬𫀨𚐬𘐡𩱥𭁉𫑡𩱥𡁡𭁡𚁧𛁨𛀱𛀱𚐮𩁡𭁡𦰳𧑽').replace(/uD./g,'')))

demo: http://jsfiddle.net/xH8mV/

Unicode obfuscation made with: http://xem.github.io/obfuscatweet/

Answer 9

Python (65)

People seem to be done submitting, so I'll post my own solution to my question.

f=lambda X,L:sum(((L[i-1]-X)/(L[i]-X)).imag>0for i in(0,1,2))%3<1

X is the complex number representing the test points, and L is a list of three points, each a complex number.

First, I'll explain a less golfed version of the code;

def f(X,A,B,C):A-=X;B-=X;C-=X;return((A/B).imag>0)==((B/C).imag>0)==((C/A).imag>0)

We shift the points A,B,C,X so that X is at the origin, taking advantage of Python's built-in complex arithmetic. We need to check if the origin is contained in the convex hull of A,B,C. This is equivalent to the origin always lying on the same side (left or right) of the line segments AB, BC, and AC.

A segment AB has the origin on the left if one travel counterclockwise less than 180 degrees to get from A to B, and on the right otherwise. If we consider the angles a, b, and c corresponding to these points, this means b-a < 180 degrees (taken angles in the range 0 to 360 degrees). As complex numbers, angle(B/A)=angle(B)/angle(A). Also, angle(x) < 180 degrees exactly for point in he upper half-plane, which we check via imag(x)>0.

So whether the origin lies to the left of AB is expressed as (A/B).imag>0. Checking whether these are all equal for each cyclic pair in A,B,C tells us whether triangle ABC contains the origin.

Now, let's return to the fully golfed code

f=lambda X,L:sum(((L[i-1]-X)/(L[i]-X)).imag>0for i in(0,1,2))%3<1

We generate each cyclic pair in (A-X,B-X,C-X)=(L[0]-X,L[1]-X,L[2]-X), taking advantage of negative Python list indices wrapping around (L[-1] = L[2]). To check that the Bools are all True (1) or all False (0), we add them and check divisibility by 3, as many solutions did.

Answer 10

Fortran - 232 218 195 174

Bloody awful. The function is horrendous because of the requirement that the data is passed to it and we cannot preprocess it.

logical function L(x);real::x(8);p=x(1)-x(3);q=x(2)-x(4);r=x(5)-x(3);s=x(6)-x(4);t=x(7)-x(3);u=x(8)-x(4);L=ALL([p*(s-u)+q*(t-r)+r*u-t*s,p*u-q*t,q*r-p*s]>=r*u-t*s);endfunction

The decrease of 14 characters is because I forgot to golf the function name from my test runs. The further decrease is due to implicit typing and forgetting to change the function name. The next 20 characters came off due to reading in the points as a single array. The full program is

program inTriagle
   real, dimension(2) :: a,b,c,x
   do 
      print*,"Enter coordinates as x,a,b,c"
      read*,x,a,b,c
      if(all(x==0.0).and.all(a==0.0).and.all(b==0.0).and.all(c==0.0)) exit
      print*,"Is point in triangle: ",T(x,a,b,c)
   enddo
 contains!                       
   logical function L(x)
     real::x(8)
     p=x(1)-x(3);q=x(2)-x(4);r=x(5)-x(3)
     s=x(6)-x(4);t=x(7)-x(3);u=x(8)-x(4)
     L=ALL([p*(s-u)+q*(t-r)+r*u-t*s,p*u-q*t,q*r-p*s]>=r*u-t*s)
   endfunction
end program inTriagle

Answer 11

MATLAB: 9!

Not a whole lot of me to write here

inpolygon

Can be called like so:

inpolygon(2/3, 2/3, [0 1 1], [0 0 1])

Output is assigned to a variable named ans

---

If I actually had to write a function, it may be something like so, could probably be optimized:

function y=f(a,b,c,d)
inpolygon(a,b,c,d)

Answer 12

C# 218 (149?)

using P=System.Drawing.PointF;
bool F(P[]p){for(int i=0;i<4;i++){p[i].X*=1e7f;p[i].Y*=1e7f;}P[]a=new P[3];Array.Copy(p,1,a,0,3);var g=new System.Drawing.Drawing2D.GraphicsPath();g.AddLines(a);return g.IsVisible(p[0]);}

Probably not as character-efficient as a mathematical method, but it's a fun use of libraries. Incidentally, also rather slow.

Also taking advantage of "Also don't worry about numerical stability or floating-point precision." - unfortunately, GraphicsPath uses ints internally, so a value in the range -1 < f < 1 can only have three possible values. Since floats only have 7 digits of precision, I just multiply by 1e7 to turn them into whole numbers. Hm, I guess it's not really losing any precision. It's also exploitable in another way: I probably could have taken advantage of ignoring precision and just given the "wrong" answer.

If I'm allowed to ignore the character cost of importing libraries, 149 (at the very least, System.Linq and System.Drawing are pretty standard on most WinForms projects, but System.Drawing.Drawing2D might be a bit of a stretch):

bool G(PointF[]p){for(int i=0;i<4;i++){p[i].X*=1e7f;p[i].Y*=1e7f;}var g=new GraphicsPath();g.AddLines(p.Skip(1).ToArray());return g.IsVisible(p[0]);}

Test program (yea, it's ugly):

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;
using P=System.Drawing.PointF;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Program prog = new Program();
        foreach (string test in
@"[(-0.31961, -0.12646), (0.38478, 0.37419), (-0.30613, -0.59754), (-0.85548, 0.6633)]
[(-0.87427, -0.00831), (0.78829, 0.60409), (-0.90904, -0.13856), (-0.80685, 0.48468)]
[(0.28997, -0.03668), (-0.28362, 0.42831), (0.39332, -0.07474), (-0.48694, -0.10497)]
[(-0.07783, 0.04415), (-0.34355, -0.07161), (0.59105, -0.93145), (0.29402, 0.90334)]
[(0.36107, 0.05389), (0.27103, 0.47754), (-0.00341, -0.79472), (0.82549, -0.29028)]
[(-0.01655, -0.20437), (-0.36194, -0.90281), (-0.26515, -0.4172), (0.36181, 0.51683)]
[(-0.12198, -0.45897), (-0.35128, -0.85405), (0.84566, 0.99364), (0.13767, 0.78618)]
[(-0.03847, -0.81531), (-0.18704, -0.33282), (-0.95717, -0.6337), (0.10976, -0.88374)]
[(0.07904, -0.06245), (0.95181, -0.84223), (-0.75583, -0.34406), (0.16785, 0.87519)]
[(-0.33485, 0.53875), (-0.25173, 0.51317), (-0.62441, -0.90698), (-0.47925, 0.74832)]
[(-0.99103, 0.43842), (0.78128, -0.10985), (-0.84714, -0.20558), (-0.08925, -0.78608)]
[(0.15087, -0.56212), (-0.87374, -0.3787), (0.86403, 0.60374), (0.01392, 0.84362)]
[(0.1114, 0.66496), (-0.92633, 0.27408), (0.92439, 0.43692), (0.8298, -0.29647)]
[(0.87786, -0.8594), (-0.42283, -0.97999), (0.58659, -0.327), (-0.22656, 0.80896)]
[(0.43525, -0.8923), (0.86119, 0.78278), (-0.01348, 0.98093), (-0.56244, -0.75129)]
[(-0.73365, 0.28332), (0.63263, 0.17177), (-0.38398, -0.43497), (-0.31123, 0.73168)]
[(-0.57694, -0.87713), (-0.93622, 0.89397), (0.93117, 0.40775), (0.2323, -0.30718)]
[(0.91059, 0.75966), (0.60118, 0.73186), (0.32178, 0.88296), (-0.90087, -0.26367)]
[(0.3463, -0.89397), (0.99108, 0.13557), (0.50122, -0.8724), (0.43385, 0.00167)]
[(0.88121, 0.36469), (-0.29829, 0.21429), (0.31395, 0.2734), (0.43267, -0.78192)]".Split('\n'))
        {
            string t = test.Replace("[(", "").Replace(")]", "");
            string[] points = t.Split(new string[] { "), (" }, StringSplitOptions.None);

            string[] p = points[0].Split(',');
            P[] xabc = new P[4];

            for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
            {
                p = points[i].Split(',');
                xabc[i] = new F(float.Parse(p[0]), float.Parse(p[1]));
            }

            Console.WriteLine(test + "=>" + prog.F(xabc));
        }

        Console.ReadKey();
    }

    bool G(PointF[]p)
    {
        for(int i=0;i<4;i++){p[i].X*=1e7f;p[i].Y*=1e7f;}
        var g=new GraphicsPath();
        g.AddLines(p.Skip(1).ToArray());
        return g.IsVisible(p[0]);
    }

    bool F(P[]p)
    {
        for(int i=0;i<4;i++){p[i].X*=1e7f;p[i].Y*=1e7f;}
        var g=new System.Drawing.Drawing2D.GraphicsPath();
        g.AddLines(p.Skip(1).ToArray());
        return g.IsVisible(p[0]);
    }
}

Answer 13

Haskell — 233 127

Using cross products as described here:

h(a,b)(p,q)(r,s)(t,u)=z a b p q r s==z a b r s t u&&z a b r s t u==z a b t u p q where z j k l m n o =(o-m)*(j-l)+(l-n)*(k-m)>0

Previous solution implemented using barycentric coordinates and the formulae described in this Stack Exchange answer:

g(p,q)(r,s)(t,u)(v,w)=
 let (j,k)=(p+(-r),q+(-s))
     (l,m)=(t+(-r),u+(-s))
     (n,o)=(v+(-r),w+(-s))
     d=l*o-n*m
     a=(j*(m-o)+k*(n-l)+l*o-n*m)/d
     b=(j*o-k*n)/d
     c=(k*l-j*m)/d
 in (0<=a&&a<1)&&(0<=b&&b<1)&&(0<=c&&c<1)

Both functions g and h take four pairs, the first of which is the point to be tested for inclusion and the rest being the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.

To test with the sample input:

let trueTestCases =
  [((-0.31961, -0.12646), (0.38478, 0.37419), (-0.30613, -0.59754), (-0.85548, 0.6633)),
   ((-0.87427, -0.00831), (0.78829, 0.60409), (-0.90904, -0.13856), (-0.80685, 0.48468)),
   ((0.28997, -0.03668), (-0.28362, 0.42831), (0.39332, -0.07474), (-0.48694, -0.10497)),
   ((-0.07783, 0.04415), (-0.34355, -0.07161), (0.59105, -0.93145), (0.29402, 0.90334)),
   ((0.36107, 0.05389), (0.27103, 0.47754), (-0.00341, -0.79472), (0.82549, -0.29028)),
   ((-0.01655, -0.20437), (-0.36194, -0.90281), (-0.26515, -0.4172), (0.36181, 0.51683)),
   ((-0.12198, -0.45897), (-0.35128, -0.85405), (0.84566, 0.99364), (0.13767, 0.78618)),
   ((-0.03847, -0.81531), (-0.18704, -0.33282), (-0.95717, -0.6337), (0.10976, -0.88374)),
   ((0.07904, -0.06245), (0.95181, -0.84223), (-0.75583, -0.34406), (0.16785, 0.87519)),
   ((-0.33485, 0.53875), (-0.25173, 0.51317), (-0.62441, -0.90698), (-0.47925, 0.74832))]

let falseTestCases =
  [((-0.99103, 0.43842), (0.78128, -0.10985), (-0.84714, -0.20558), (-0.08925, -0.78608)),
   ((0.15087, -0.56212), (-0.87374, -0.3787), (0.86403, 0.60374), (0.01392, 0.84362)),
   ((0.1114, 0.66496), (-0.92633, 0.27408), (0.92439, 0.43692), (0.8298, -0.29647)),
   ((0.87786, -0.8594), (-0.42283, -0.97999), (0.58659, -0.327), (-0.22656, 0.80896)),
   ((0.43525, -0.8923), (0.86119, 0.78278), (-0.01348, 0.98093), (-0.56244, -0.75129)),
   ((-0.73365, 0.28332), (0.63263, 0.17177), (-0.38398, -0.43497), (-0.31123, 0.73168)),
   ((-0.57694, -0.87713), (-0.93622, 0.89397), (0.93117, 0.40775), (0.2323, -0.30718)),
   ((0.91059, 0.75966), (0.60118, 0.73186), (0.32178, 0.88296), (-0.90087, -0.26367)),
   ((0.3463, -0.89397), (0.99108, 0.13557), (0.50122, -0.8724), (0.43385, 0.00167)),
   ((0.88121, 0.36469), (-0.29829, 0.21429), (0.31395, 0.2734), (0.43267, -0.78192))]

type Point = (Double, Double)

test :: [(Point, Point, Point, Point)] -> [Bool]
test testCases =
  map (\((px,py),(ax,ay),(bx,by),(cx,cy)) -> h (px,py) (ax,ay) (bx,by) (cx,cy)) testCases

test trueTestCases --> [True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True,True]
test falseTestCases --> [False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False]

Ungolfed solutions:

type Point = (Double, Double)

-- using cross products

triangulate' (a, b) (p, q) (r, s) (t, u) =
  (side a b p q r s == side a b r s t u) && (side a b r s t u == side a b t u p q)
  where side j k l m n o = (o - m) * (j - l) + (-n + l) * (k - m) >= 0

-- using barycentric coordinates

triangulate :: (Point, Point, Point, Point) -> Bool
triangulate ((px, py), (ax, ay), (bx, by), (cx, cy)) = 
  let (p'x, p'y) = (px + (-ax), py + (-ay))
      (b'x, b'y) = (bx + (-ax), by + (-ay))
      (c'x, c'y) = (cx + (-ax), cy + (-ay))
      d = b'x * c'y - c'x * b'y
      a = (p'x * (b'y - c'y) + p'y * (c'x - b'x) + b'x * c'y - c'x * b'y) / d
      b = (p'x * c'y - p'y * c'x) / d
      c = (p'y * b'x - p'x * b'y) / d
  in
      (0 <= a && a < 1) && (0 <= b && b < 1) && (0 <= c && c < 1)

Answer 14

JavaScript (ES6) 120

C=(p,q,i,j,k,l,m,n,
 z=j*(m-k)+i*(l-n)+k*n-l*m,
 s=(j*m-i*n+(n-j)*p+(i-m)*q)/z,
 t=(i*l-j*k+(j-l)*p+(k-i)*q)/z
)=>s>0&t>0&s+t<1

Directly copied from my answer to This other question

Test In FireFox/FireBug console

Output all 1s

;[
C(-0.31961, -0.12646, 0.38478, 0.37419, -0.30613, -0.59754, -0.85548, 0.6633),
C(-0.87427, -0.00831, 0.78829, 0.60409, -0.90904, -0.13856, -0.80685, 0.48468),
C(0.28997, -0.03668, -0.28362, 0.42831, 0.39332, -0.07474, -0.48694, -0.10497),
C(-0.07783, 0.04415, -0.34355, -0.07161, 0.59105, -0.93145, 0.29402, 0.90334),
C(0.36107, 0.05389, 0.27103, 0.47754, -0.00341, -0.79472, 0.82549, -0.29028),
C(-0.01655, -0.20437, -0.36194, -0.90281, -0.26515, -0.4172, 0.36181, 0.51683),
C(-0.12198, -0.45897, -0.35128, -0.85405, 0.84566, 0.99364, 0.13767, 0.78618),
C(-0.03847, -0.81531, -0.18704, -0.33282, -0.95717, -0.6337, 0.10976, -0.88374),
C(0.07904, -0.06245, 0.95181, -0.84223, -0.75583, -0.34406, 0.16785, 0.87519),
C(-0.33485, 0.53875, -0.25173, 0.51317, -0.62441, -0.90698, -0.47925, 0.74832)
]

Output all 0s

;[
C(-0.99103, 0.43842,0.78128, -0.10985,-0.84714, -0.20558,-0.08925, -0.78608),
C(0.15087, -0.56212,-0.87374, -0.3787,0.86403, 0.60374,0.01392, 0.84362),
C(0.1114, 0.66496,-0.92633, 0.27408,0.92439, 0.43692,0.8298, -0.29647),
C(0.87786, -0.8594,-0.42283, -0.97999,0.58659, -0.327,-0.22656, 0.80896),
C(0.43525, -0.8923,0.86119, 0.78278,-0.01348, 0.98093,-0.56244, -0.75129),
C(-0.73365, 0.28332,0.63263, 0.17177,-0.38398, -0.43497,-0.31123, 0.73168),
C(-0.57694, -0.87713,-0.93622, 0.89397,0.93117, 0.40775,0.2323, -0.30718),
C(0.91059, 0.75966,0.60118, 0.73186,0.32178, 0.88296,-0.90087, -0.26367),
C(0.3463, -0.89397,0.99108, 0.13557,0.50122, -0.8724,0.43385, 0.00167),
C(0.88121, 0.36469,-0.29829, 0.21429,0.31395, 0.2734,0.43267, -0.78192)
]

Answer 15

SmileBASIC, 111 100 characters

DEF T X,Y,A,B,C,D,E,F
Q=9e5GCLS
GTRI(A-X)*Q,Q*(B-Y),Q*(C-X),Q*(D-Y),Q*(E-X),Q*(F-Y)?!!GSPOIT(0,0)END

Draws a triangle and checks the color of the pixel at the point. The triangle is scaled up 99999x and shifted so that the point to check will be at (0,0) before being drawn, to minimize loss in precision.

Answer 16

Intel 8087 FPU assembly, 222 220 bytes

Uses only the 8087 FPU hardware to calculate. Here is the unassembled (ungolfed in this case too) version as a MACRO (will spare you the 220 hex byte codes):

; calculate the area of of a triangle ABC using determinate
; input: coordinates (float), Ax,Ay,Bx,By,Cx,Cy
; output: area in ST
TAREA   MACRO   A1,A2,B1,B2,C1,C2
    FLD  A1
    FLD  B2
    FLD  C2
    FSUB        ; ST = By - Cy
    FMUL        ; ST = Ax * ( By - Cy )
    FLD  B1 
    FLD  C2
    FLD  A2
    FSUB        ; ST = Cy - Ay
    FMUL        ; ST = Bx * ( Cy - Ay )
    FLD  C1
    FLD  A2
    FLD  B2
    FSUB        ; Ay - By
    FMUL        ; Cx * ( Ay - By )
    FADD        ; Cx * ( Ay - By ) + Bx * ( Cy - Ay )
    FADD        ; Cx * ( Ay - By ) + Bx * ( Cy - Ay ) + Ax * ( By - Cy )
    FLD1        ; make a value of 2
    FADD ST,ST  ; ST = 2
    FDIV        ; divide by 2
    FABS        ; take abs value
        ENDM

; determine if point X is in triangle ABC
; input: points X, A, B, C
; output: ZF=1 if X in triangle, ZF=0 if X not in triangle
TXINABC     MACRO X1,X2,A1,A2,B1,B2,C1,C2

    TAREA  A1,A2,B1,B2,C1,C2    ; ST(3) = area of triangle ABC
    TAREA  X1,X2,B1,B2,C1,C2    ; ST(2) = area of triangle XBC
    TAREA  A1,A2,X1,X2,C1,C2    ; ST(1) = area of triangle AXC
    TAREA  A1,A2,B1,B2,X1,X2    ; ST(0) = area of triangle ABX

    FADD        ; add areas of triangles with point
    FADD        ; ST = ST + ST(1) + ST(2)
    FCOMPP      ; compare ST to ST(1) and pop results
    FWAIT       ; sync CPU/FPU
    FSTSW R     ; store result flags to R
    MOV  AX, R  ; move result to AX
    SAHF        ; store result into CPU flags for conditional check
        ENDM

Explanation

Uses the determinate to calculate the area of the ABC triangle, and then the triangle formed with the X point and two other points of the ABC triangle. If the area of triangle ABC equals the sum of areas of triangles XBC + AXC + ABX, then the point is within the triangle. The result is returned as ZF.

What's neat about this

All of the math and floating point operations are done in hardware with 80-bit extended precision. The final floating point comparison is also done in hardware so will be very accurate.

This also uses all eight of the 8087's stack registers at once.

What's not quite as neat about this

As the points of the triangle must be plugged back into the formulas several times during the calculation, it requires each variable in memory to be loaded into the FPU's stack registers one at a time in the correct order. While this can be fairly easily modeled like a function as a MACRO, it means that the code is expanded each time at assembly, creating redundant code. 41 bytes were saved by moving some of the same repeated code segments into PROCs. However it makes the code less readable, so the above listing is without it (which is why it's labeled as "ungolfed").

Tests

Here is a test program using IBM DOS showing output:

TTEST   MACRO T
        LOCAL IS_IN_TRI

    TXINABC T,T+4*1,T+4*2,T+4*3,T+4*4,T+4*5,T+4*6,T+4*7
    MOV  DX, OFFSET TEQ     ; load true string by default 
    JZ   IS_IN_TRI          ; if ZF=1, it is in triangle, skip to display
    MOV  DX, OFFSET FEQ     ; otherwise ZF=0 means not in triangle, so load false string
IS_IN_TRI:
    MOV  AH, 9              ; DOS write string function
    INT  21H 
        ENDM

START:
    FINIT                   ; reset 8087

    TTEST   T0              ; true tests
    TTEST   T1
    TTEST   T2
    TTEST   T3
    TTEST   T4
    TTEST   T5
    TTEST   T6
    TTEST   T7
    TTEST   T8
    TTEST   T9

    TTEST   F0              ; false tests
    TTEST   F1
    TTEST   F2
    TTEST   F3
    TTEST   F4
    TTEST   F5
    TTEST   F6  
    TTEST   F7
    TTEST   F8  
    TTEST   F9

    RET         ; return to DOS

T0  DD  -0.31961, -0.12646, 0.38478, 0.37419, -0.30613, -0.59754, -0.85548, 0.6633
T1  DD  -0.87427, -0.00831, 0.78829, 0.60409, -0.90904, -0.13856, -0.80685, 0.48468
T2  DD  0.28997, -0.03668, -0.28362, 0.42831, 0.39332, -0.07474, -0.48694, -0.10497
T3  DD  -0.07783, 0.04415, -0.34355, -0.07161, 0.59105, -0.93145, 0.29402, 0.90334
T4  DD  0.36107, 0.05389, 0.27103, 0.47754, -0.00341, -0.79472, 0.82549, -0.29028
T5  DD  -0.01655, -0.20437, -0.36194, -0.90281, -0.26515, -0.4172, 0.36181, 0.51683
T6  DD  -0.12198, -0.45897, -0.35128, -0.85405, 0.84566, 0.99364, 0.13767, 0.78618
T7  DD  -0.03847, -0.81531, -0.18704, -0.33282, -0.95717, -0.6337, 0.10976, -0.88374
T8  DD  0.07904, -0.06245, 0.95181, -0.84223, -0.75583, -0.34406, 0.16785, 0.87519
T9  DD  -0.33485, 0.53875, -0.25173, 0.51317, -0.62441, -0.90698, -0.47925, 0.74832

F0  DD  -0.99103, 0.43842, 0.78128, -0.10985, -0.84714, -0.20558, -0.08925, -0.78608
F1  DD  0.15087, -0.56212, -0.87374, -0.3787, 0.86403, 0.60374, 0.01392, 0.84362
F2  DD  0.1114, 0.66496, -0.92633, 0.27408, 0.92439, 0.43692, 0.8298, -0.29647
F3  DD  0.87786, -0.8594, -0.42283, -0.97999, 0.58659, -0.327, -0.22656, 0.80896
F4  DD  0.43525, -0.8923, 0.86119, 0.78278, -0.01348, 0.98093, -0.56244, -0.75129
F5  DD  -0.73365, 0.28332, 0.63263, 0.17177, -0.38398, -0.43497, -0.31123, 0.73168
F6  DD  -0.57694, -0.87713, -0.93622, 0.89397, 0.93117, 0.40775, 0.2323, -0.30718
F7  DD  0.91059, 0.75966, 0.60118, 0.73186, 0.32178, 0.88296, -0.90087, -0.26367
F8  DD  0.3463, -0.89397, 0.99108, 0.13557, 0.50122, -0.8724, 0.43385, 0.00167
F9  DD  0.88121, 0.36469, -0.29829, 0.21429, 0.31395, 0.2734, 0.43267, -0.78192

TEQ DB 'In Triangle',0DH,0AH,'$'
FEQ DB 'Not In Triangle',0DH,0AH,'$'

Output

In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle
Not In Triangle

Answer 17

C 414 (was 465)

Golfed

#define D double 
int F(D ax,D ay,D bx,D by,D cx,D cy,D px,D py){int y=0;double J,K;D m=(ax-bx<0.001)?(by-ay)/(ax-bx):1000;D b=m*ax+ay;J=m*cx-cy+b;K=m*px-py+b;if(J*K>=0)y=1;return y;}D T[8],k;int i,n;void G(){while(i<8){scanf("%lf",&k);T[i++]=k;}n+=F(T[2],T[3],T[4],T[5],T[6],T[7],T[0],T[1]);n+=F(T[4],T[5],T[6],T[7],T[2],T[3],T[0],T[1]);n+=F(T[2],T[3],T[6],T[7],T[4],T[5],T[0],T[1]);printf(n==3?"True":"False");}

Original function declaration added for explanation

/**
* determine if points C & P are on same side of line AB
* return 1 if true, 0 otherwise
*/
int PointsSameSide(D ax,D ay,D bx,D by,D cx, D cy, D px, D py);

Rewritten as a named function: input via stdin one each line or all in one line space-separated.

#define D double
int F(D ax,D ay,D bx,D by,D cx, D cy, D px, D py)
{
int y=0;
double J,K;
D m = (ax-bx<0.001)?(by-ay)/(ax-bx):1000;
D b = m*ax+ay;
J=m*cx-cy+b;
K=m*px-py+b;
if(J*K>=0)y=1;
return y;
}
double T[8],k;
int i,n;
void G()
{
while(i<8){scanf("%lf",&k);T[i++]=k;}
n+=F(T[2],T[3],T[4],T[5],T[6],T[7],T[0],T[1]);
n+=F(T[4],T[5],T[6],T[7],T[2],T[3],T[0],T[1]);
n+=F(T[2],T[3],T[6],T[7],T[4],T[5],T[0],T[1]);
printf(n==3?"True":"False");
}

Answer 18

Java, 149 characters

g=Math.atan2(100*(d-y),(a-x));h=Math.atan2(100*(e-y),(b-x));i=Math.atan2(100*(f-y),(c-x));k=Math.round(Math.abs(g-h)+Math.abs(h-i)+Math.abs(i-g))==6;

Horrible considering I have to write "Math." every time. This is the actual program:

package mathPackage;
public class InTriangle {
public static void main(String[] args) {
    boolean k;
    double a=-1,b=0,c=1,d=0,e=1,f=0,x=0,y=0.4;
    double g,h,i;
    g=Math.atan2(100*(d-y),(a-x));
    h=Math.atan2(100*(e-y),(b-x));
    i=Math.atan2(100*(f-y),(c-x));
    k=Math.round(Math.abs(g-h)+Math.abs(h-i)+Math.abs(i-g))==6;
    System.out.println(k);
    System.out.println(g);
    System.out.println(h);
    System.out.println(i);
    System.out.print(Math.abs(g-h)+Math.abs(h-i)+Math.abs(i-g));
}
}

where a is the x of point a,b is the x of point b, c for x of c, d is y of a, e is y of b, f is the y of c, and x and y are the x and y of the point. The boolean k determines whether it is true or not.

Answer 19

JavaScript 125/198

If points are provided in 8 arguments:

function d(x,y,a,b,c,d,e,f){function z(a,b,c,d){return(y-b)*(c-a)-(x-a)*(d-b)>0}return(z(a,b,c,d)+z(c,d,e,f)+z(e,f,a,b))%3<1}

If points are provided in a 2-dimensional array:

function c(s){return (z(s[1][0],s[1][1],s[2][0],s[2][1])+z(s[2][0],s[2][1],s[3][0],s[3][1])+z(s[3][0],s[3][1],s[1][0],s[1][1]))%3<1;function z(a,b,c,d){return (s[0][1]-b)*(c-a)-(s[0][0]-a)*(d-b)>0}}

This code doesn't use any of those fancy vector math. Instead, it only uses a simple algebra trick to determine if the point is inside the triangle or not. The formula:

(y-b)(c-a) - (x-a)(d-b)

which tells the point is on which side of a line, is derived from rearranging the definition of slope:

            m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
      (y2-y1) = m(x2-x1)
       (y-y1) = m(x-x1)     ,substituting point we are testing (x,y) to be the 2nd point
       (y-y1) = (x-x1)(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)  ,substitute back the original definition of m
(y-y1)(x2-x1) = (x-x1)(y2-y1)    <-- left side will be greater than the right side, if
                                     the point is on the left; otherwise, it's on the right
            0 = (y-b)(c-a)-(x-a)(d-b) ,where (a,b)=(x1,y1), (c,d)=(x2,y2)

If we test all 3 sides, all 3 should yield some numbers with the same sign only when the point is inside the triangle since we are testing it around the triangle. If the point is on a side then one of the test should return 0.

jsFiddle test code: http://jsfiddle.net/DerekL/zEzZU/

var l = [[-0.31961, -0.12646, 0.38478, 0.37419, -0.30613, -0.59754, -0.85548, 0.6633],[-0.87427, -0.00831, 0.78829, 0.60409, -0.90904, -0.13856, -0.80685, 0.48468],[0.28997, -0.03668, -0.28362, 0.42831, 0.39332, -0.07474, -0.48694, -0.10497],[-0.07783, 0.04415, -0.34355, -0.07161, 0.59105, -0.93145, 0.29402, 0.90334],[0.36107, 0.05389, 0.27103, 0.47754, -0.00341, -0.79472, 0.82549, -0.29028],[-0.01655, -0.20437, -0.36194, -0.90281, -0.26515, -0.4172, 0.36181, 0.51683],[-0.12198, -0.45897, -0.35128, -0.85405, 0.84566, 0.99364, 0.13767, 0.78618],[-0.03847, -0.81531, -0.18704, -0.33282, -0.95717, -0.6337, 0.10976, -0.88374],[0.07904, -0.06245, 0.95181, -0.84223, -0.75583, -0.34406, 0.16785, 0.87519],[-0.33485, 0.53875, -0.25173, 0.51317, -0.62441, -0.90698, -0.47925, 0.74832],
         [-0.99103, 0.43842, 0.78128, -0.10985, -0.84714, -0.20558, -0.08925, -0.78608],[0.15087, -0.56212, -0.87374, -0.3787, 0.86403, 0.60374, 0.01392, 0.84362],[0.1114, 0.66496, -0.92633, 0.27408, 0.92439, 0.43692, 0.8298, -0.29647],[0.87786, -0.8594, -0.42283, -0.97999, 0.58659, -0.327, -0.22656, 0.80896],[0.43525, -0.8923, 0.86119, 0.78278, -0.01348, 0.98093, -0.56244, -0.75129],[-0.73365, 0.28332, 0.63263, 0.17177, -0.38398, -0.43497, -0.31123, 0.73168],[-0.57694, -0.87713, -0.93622, 0.89397, 0.93117, 0.40775, 0.2323, -0.30718],[0.91059, 0.75966, 0.60118, 0.73186, 0.32178, 0.88296, -0.90087, -0.26367],[0.3463, -0.89397, 0.99108, 0.13557, 0.50122, -0.8724, 0.43385, 0.00167],[0.88121, 0.36469, -0.29829, 0.21429, 0.31395, 0.2734, 0.43267, -0.78192]];

function d(x,y,a,b,c,d,e,f){function z(a,b,c,d){return(y-b)*(c-a)-(x-a)*(d-b)>0}return(z(a,b,c,d)+z(c,d,e,f)+z(e,f,a,b))%3<1}

for(var i = 0; i < l.length; i++){
    console.log(d.apply(undefined,l[i]));    //10 true, 10 false
}

---

97 characters (not counting spaces or tabs) count if converted into CoffeeScript:

d=(x,y,a,b,c,d,e,f)->
    z=(a,b,c,d)->
        (y-b)*(c-a)-(x-a)*(d-b)>0
    (z(a,b,c,d)+z(c,d,e,f)+z(e,f,a,b))%3<1

115 characters if converted into ES6:

d=(x,y,a,b,c,d,e,f)=>{z=(a,b,c,d)=>{return (y-b)*(c-a)-(x-a)*(d-b)>0};return(z(a,b,c,d)+z(c,d,e,f)+z(e,f,a,b))%3<1}

Answer 20

R, 23

Inspired by MATLAB,

SDMTools::pnt.in.poly()

called like SDMTools::pnt.in.poly(point,triangle) where point is a length-2 vector and triangle is a 3x2 matrix of vertices. SDMTools is available on CRAN.

Answer 21

Mathematica, 38 characters

RegionMember[Polygon[#[[1]]],#[[2]]] &

Example:

d = {{{0, 0}, {1, 0}, {.5, .7}}, {.5, .6}};

RegionMember[Polygon[#[[1]]], #[[2]]] & @ d

(* True *)

Answer 22

Vyxal ḋr, 16 bytes

₍‡⁰M‡2ḋvƛ÷∆d;Ṡƒ<

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Uses the inequality \$AX+BX+CX<AB+BC+CA\$

Takes [A,B,C] as a list of points then X as a point

Answer 23

C (gcc), 108 bytes

i;f(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)float a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h;{i=(e-=a)*(h-=b)>(f-=b)*(g-=a);i=(c-=a)*f>(d-=b)*e==i&i==g*d>h*c;}

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Takes three cross products and returns 1 if the sign of the k̂ component doesn't change.

Answer 24

AWK, 174 bytes

BEGIN{FPAT="-*0.[0-9]+"}{d=($6-$8)*($3-$7)+($7-$5)*($4-$8)
x=(($6-$8)*($1-$7)+($7-$5)*($2-$8))/d
y=(($8-$4)*($1-$7)+($3-$7)*($2-$8))/d}1,$0=x>=0&&x<=1&&y>=0&&y<=1&&(1-x-y)>=0

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