Sort the points by linear distance in a 3D space

Question

Specs

1. You have a cubic 3D space x,y,z of size S integer units, such as 0 <= x,y,z <= S.
2. You get from default input methods an array of points P represented as x,y,z integer coordinates, in any reasonable format as you like, for example: [x1,y1,z1],[x2,y2,z2],[x3,y3,z3] ... [xn,yn,zn].
3. All the P values will be in the above said cubic 3D space, such as 0 <= x,y,z <= S.
4. The possible total number of P will be 1 <= P <= S3.
5. You also get as input the x,y,z integer coordinates of the base point B and the 3D cube size S.

Task

Your goal is to output, in your preferred format, the points P sorted by the linear (Euclidean) distance from the base point B.

Rules

1. If you find more than one point P that are equidistant from B you must output all of the equidistant P's in your preferred order.
2. It is possible that a point P will coincide with B, so that their distance is 0, you must output that point.
3. This is a code-golf challenge, so the shortest code wins.
4. Standard loopholes are forbidden.
5. Code explanations are appreciated.

Test cases

Input:
S (size), [B (base point x,y,z)], [P1 (x,y,z)], [P2], [P3], [P4], [P5], [...], [Pn]
10, [5,5,5], [0,0,0], [10,10,10], [2,0,8], [10,3,1], [4,4,5], [5,5,5], [5,5,4]

Output:
[5,5,5], [5,5,4], [4,4,5], [2,0,8], [10,3,1], [0,0,0], [10,10,10]

- - -

Input:
5, [2, 3, 3], [3, 0, 4], [5, 0, 3], [0, 2, 4], [0, 3, 5], [4, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2], [3, 1, 2], [3, 1, 0], [1, 3, 2], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 5], [4, 0, 0], [4, 3, 1], [0, 5, 5], [1, 5, 1], [3, 1, 4], [2, 2, 2], [0, 2, 5], [3, 3, 5], [3, 3, 0], [5, 4, 5], [4, 1, 3], [5, 1, 1], [3, 5, 3], [1, 5, 3], [0, 5, 2], [4, 3, 3], [2, 1, 1], [3, 3, 0], [5, 0, 4], [1, 5, 2], [4, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1], [2, 5, 5], [3, 4, 0], [3, 0, 2], [2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 1], [5, 1, 0], [2, 4, 3], [1, 0, 5], [0, 2, 5], [3, 4, 4], [2, 4, 0], [0, 1, 5], [0, 5, 4], [1, 5, 1], [2, 1, 0], [1, 3, 4], [2, 2, 2], [4, 2, 4], [5, 5, 4], [4, 4, 0], [0, 4, 1], [2, 0, 3], [3, 1, 5], [4, 4, 0], [2, 5, 1], [1, 2, 4], [4, 3, 1], [0, 2, 4], [4, 5, 2], [2, 0, 1], [0, 0, 2], [4, 1, 0], [5, 4, 3], [2, 5, 2], [5, 4, 4], [4, 4, 3], [5, 5, 1], [4, 0, 2], [1, 3, 5], [4, 2, 0], [0, 3, 1], [2, 2, 0], [0, 4, 5], [3, 2, 0], [0, 2, 1], [1, 2, 2], [2, 5, 3], [5, 5, 2], [5, 2, 4], [4, 5, 5], [2, 1, 2], [5, 4, 3], [4, 5, 4], [2, 3, 1], [4, 4, 4], [3, 0, 0], [2, 4, 5], [4, 3, 3], [3, 5, 3], [4, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1], [3, 1, 3], [2, 5, 5], [0, 0, 5], [2, 0, 2], [1, 0, 3], [3, 1, 4], [1, 2, 5], [4, 1, 3], [1, 4, 5], [3, 1, 4], [3, 5, 1], [5, 1, 4], [1, 0, 4], [2, 2, 0], [5, 2, 1], [0, 5, 3], [2, 1, 1], [0, 3, 0], [4, 5, 5], [3, 4, 2], [5, 3, 3], [3, 1, 1], [4, 0, 1], [5, 0, 5], [5, 0, 4], [1, 4, 3], [5, 4, 2], [5, 4, 0], [5, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [5, 3, 0]

Output:
[2, 4, 3], [2, 3, 2], [1, 3, 4], [1, 3, 2], [2, 2, 2], [1, 4, 3], [2, 2, 2], [2, 2, 2], [1, 2, 2], [3, 4, 2], [1, 2, 4], [3, 4, 4], [2, 5, 3], [4, 3, 3], [2, 3, 1], [4, 3, 3], [2, 3, 1], [1, 3, 5], [4, 4, 3], [2, 5, 2], [3, 1, 3], [1, 5, 3], [4, 2, 3], [2, 1, 2], [3, 5, 3], [2, 4, 5], [3, 3, 5], [3, 5, 3], [3, 1, 4], [0, 2, 4], [0, 2, 4], [1, 2, 5], [3, 1, 2], [3, 1, 4], [3, 1, 4], [4, 2, 4], [1, 4, 5], [4, 4, 4], [1, 5, 2], [4, 3, 1], [0, 5, 3], [2, 1, 1], [4, 1, 3], [4, 3, 1], [2, 5, 5], [0, 3, 5], [4, 1, 3], [2, 5, 1], [2, 1, 1], [0, 3, 1], [2, 5, 5], [1, 1, 1], [0, 4, 5], [4, 5, 4], [4, 5, 2], [0, 2, 1], [1, 5, 1], [5, 3, 3], [0, 5, 2], [3, 5, 1], [3, 5, 1], [0, 2, 5], [1, 5, 1], [4, 2, 1], [3, 1, 5], [3, 1, 1], [0, 2, 5], [4, 2, 1], [0, 5, 4], [0, 4, 1], [2, 0, 3], [3, 1, 5], [2, 4, 0], [2, 2, 0], [2, 0, 2], [3, 3, 0], [3, 3, 0], [5, 4, 3], [1, 0, 3], [5, 4, 3], [2, 2, 0], [3, 0, 2], [5, 4, 4], [5, 4, 2], [1, 0, 4], [3, 0, 4], [5, 2, 4], [3, 2, 0], [3, 4, 0], [0, 1, 5], [0, 5, 5], [4, 5, 5], [4, 5, 5], [0, 3, 0], [2, 0, 1], [2, 1, 0], [4, 4, 0], [5, 1, 4], [5, 5, 4], [5, 2, 1], [3, 1, 0], [5, 4, 5], [4, 4, 0], [1, 0, 5], [4, 2, 0], [0, 0, 2], [4, 0, 2], [5, 5, 2], [4, 1, 0], [5, 5, 1], [0, 0, 1], [5, 1, 1], [4, 0, 1], [0, 0, 5], [5, 0, 3], [5, 3, 0], [5, 4, 0], [3, 0, 0], [5, 0, 4], [5, 0, 4], [5, 1, 0], [4, 0, 0], [4, 0, 0], [5, 0, 5], [5, 1, 0]

- - -

Input:
10, [1, 9, 4], [4, 6, 2], [7, 5, 3], [10, 5, 2], [9, 8, 9], [10, 5, 10], [1, 5, 4], [8, 1, 1], [8, 6, 9], [10, 4, 1], [3, 4, 10], [4, 7, 0], [7, 10, 9], [5, 7, 3], [6, 7, 9], [5, 1, 4], [4, 3, 8], [4, 4, 9], [6, 9, 3], [8, 2, 6], [3, 5, 1], [0, 9, 0], [8, 4, 3], [0, 1, 1], [6, 7, 6], [4, 6, 10], [3, 9, 10], [8, 3, 1], [10, 1, 1], [9, 10, 6], [2, 3, 9], [10, 5, 0], [3, 2, 1], [10, 2, 7], [8, 4, 9], [5, 2, 4], [0, 8, 9], [10, 1, 6], [0, 8, 10], [5, 10, 1], [7, 4, 5], [4, 5, 2], [0, 2, 0], [8, 3, 3], [6, 6, 6], [3, 0, 2], [0, 1, 1], [10, 10, 8], [6, 2, 8], [8, 8, 6], [5, 4, 7], [10, 7, 4], [0, 9, 2], [1, 6, 6], [8, 5, 9], [3, 7, 4], [5, 6, 6], [3, 1, 1], [10, 4, 5], [1, 5, 7], [8, 6, 6], [4, 3, 7], [2, 1, 0], [6, 4, 2], [0, 7, 8], [8, 3, 6], [9, 2, 0], [1, 3, 8], [4, 4, 6], [5, 8, 9], [9, 4, 4], [0, 7, 3], [8, 3, 4], [6, 7, 9], [8, 7, 0], [0, 7, 7], [8, 10, 10], [10, 2, 5], [6, 9, 5], [6, 2, 7], [0, 9, 6], [1, 4, 1], [4, 3, 1], [5, 7, 3], [9, 6, 8], [4, 1, 7], [4, 0, 8], [3, 4, 7], [2, 3, 6], [0, 0, 7], [5, 3, 6], [7, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8], [3, 7, 9], [1, 9, 10], [2, 1, 2], [2, 8, 2], [0, 3, 0], [1, 1, 9], [3, 5, 2], [10, 5, 3], [5, 2, 9], [6, 9, 0], [9, 5, 0], [7, 1, 10], [3, 3, 8], [2, 5, 1], [3, 10, 10], [6, 2, 2], [10, 7, 2], [4, 3, 1], [4, 2, 1], [4, 2, 8], [6, 8, 5], [3, 10, 0], [1, 1, 7], [6, 9, 6], [6, 2, 4], [5, 5, 7], [5, 4, 5], [9, 8, 1], [9, 8, 1], [0, 10, 6], [1, 1, 9], [3, 8, 8], [3, 1, 5], [5, 7, 4], [4, 3, 6], [5, 4, 7], [6, 0, 8], [7, 8, 1], [9, 8, 4], [2, 10, 0], [3, 4, 5], [9, 3, 10], [7, 4, 1], [2, 1, 9], [10, 8, 1], [10, 3, 7], [2, 0, 6], [3, 8, 4], [10, 0, 2], [9, 9, 10], [8, 9, 5], [4, 10, 2], [8, 3, 4], [4, 2, 10], [9, 1, 6], [6, 1, 3], [4, 1, 3], [2, 9, 0], [5, 6, 5], [8, 8, 3], [5, 5, 0], [7, 6, 9], [1, 1, 5], [3, 0, 4], [1, 10, 6], [8, 0, 2], [0, 7, 3], [8, 9, 8], [2, 1, 8], [3, 1, 10], [4, 5, 9], [7, 6, 10], [3, 6, 10], [5, 9, 8], [9, 3, 3], [2, 2, 3], [9, 9, 0], [7, 2, 2], [0, 0, 9], [8, 7, 4], [9, 2, 9], [0, 6, 4], [9, 4, 3], [10, 1, 3], [5, 9, 10], [5, 10, 6], [6, 3, 10], 

Output: 
[1, 10, 6], [3, 8, 4], [0, 9, 6], [0, 9, 2], [2, 8, 2], [0, 7, 3], [0, 7, 3], [0, 10, 6], [3, 7, 4], [0, 6, 4], [1, 6, 6], [0, 7, 7], [4, 10, 2], [1, 5, 4], [0, 9, 0], [2, 9, 0], [2, 10, 0], [5, 7, 4], [5, 7, 3], [5, 10, 6], [5, 7, 3], [0, 7, 8], [3, 10, 0], [3, 8, 8], [4, 6, 2], [3, 5, 2], [1, 5, 7], [5, 10, 1], [6, 9, 3], [6, 9, 5], [5, 6, 5], [2, 5, 1], [0, 8, 9], [6, 8, 5], [5, 6, 6], [6, 9, 6], [4, 5, 2], [4, 7, 0], [3, 5, 1], [3, 4, 5], [5, 9, 8], [6, 7, 6], [3, 7, 9], [1, 4, 1], [1, 9, 10], [4, 4, 6], [0, 8, 10], [6, 6, 6], [3, 4, 7], [3, 9, 10], [5, 5, 7], [3, 10, 10], [2, 3, 6], [6, 9, 0], [5, 8, 9], [5, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [7, 8, 1], [5, 5, 0], [4, 3, 6], [3, 6, 10], [8, 9, 5], [5, 4, 7], [4, 5, 9], [5, 4, 7], [2, 2, 3], [8, 8, 3], [1, 3, 8], [5, 9, 10], [0, 3, 0], [7, 5, 3], [8, 7, 4], [4, 3, 1], [8, 8, 6], [6, 4, 2], [4, 3, 7], [6, 7, 9], [4, 6, 10], [4, 3, 1], [6, 7, 9], [3, 3, 8], [5, 3, 6], [4, 4, 9], [4, 3, 8], [8, 6, 6], [3, 2, 1], [7, 4, 5], [7, 10, 9], [2, 3, 9], [5, 2, 4], [1, 1, 5], [3, 4, 10], [8, 9, 8], [9, 8, 4], [0, 2, 0], [4, 2, 1], [3, 1, 5], [2, 1, 2], [8, 7, 0], [9, 10, 6], [7, 4, 1], [7, 6, 9], [7, 3, 4], [1, 1, 7], [0, 1, 1], [4, 2, 8], [9, 8, 1], [0, 1, 1], [4, 1, 3], [6, 2, 4], [9, 8, 1], [8, 4, 3], [3, 1, 1], [6, 2, 2], [5, 1, 4], [9, 9, 0], [7, 6, 10], [2, 1, 0], [2, 1, 8], [4, 1, 7], [8, 6, 9], [6, 2, 7], [8, 3, 4], [8, 3, 4], [10, 7, 4], [3, 0, 4], [8, 3, 3], [8, 10, 10], [2, 0, 6], [9, 6, 8], [10, 7, 2], [1, 1, 9], [8, 3, 6], [1, 1, 9], [7, 2, 2], [3, 0, 2], [9, 4, 4], [8, 5, 9], [2, 1, 9], [6, 1, 3], [6, 2, 8], [5, 2, 9], [9, 4, 3], [9, 8, 9], [0, 0, 7], [10, 8, 1], [4, 2, 10], [8, 3, 1], [9, 5, 0], [6, 3, 10], [10, 10, 8], [10, 5, 3], [8, 4, 9], [9, 9, 10], [10, 5, 2], [9, 3, 3], [8, 2, 6], [3, 1, 10], [4, 0, 8], [0, 0, 9], [10, 4, 5], [10, 5, 0], [10, 4, 1], [8, 1, 1], [6, 0, 8], [10, 3, 7], [9, 2, 0], [10, 2, 5], [9, 1, 6], [10, 5, 10], [8, 0, 2], [9, 3, 10], [7, 1, 10], [9, 2, 9], [10, 2, 7], [10, 1, 3], [10, 1, 6], [10, 1, 1], [10, 0, 2]

- - -

Input:
10000, [8452, 3160, 6109], [7172, 5052, 4795], [9789, 4033, 2952], [8242, 213, 3835], [177, 7083, 908], [3788, 3129, 3018], [9060, 464, 2701], [6537, 8698, 291], [9048, 3860, 6099], [4600, 2696, 4854], [2319, 3278, 9825]

Output:
[9048, 3860, 6099], [7172, 5052, 4795], [9789, 4033, 2952], [8242, 213, 3835], [4600, 2696, 4854], [9060, 464, 2701], [3788, 3129, 3018], [2319, 3278, 9825], [6537, 8698, 291], [177, 7083, 908]

Answer 1

05AB1E, 4 bytes

ΣαnO

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Explanation

Σ        # sort by
   O     # sum of
  n      # square of
 α       # absolute difference between current value and second input

Answer 2

JavaScript (ES6), 71 bytes

(b,a,g=a=>a.reduce((d,c,i)=>d+(c-=b[i])*c,0))=>a.sort((b,a)=>g(b)-g(a))

Answer 3

Haskell, 54 52 bytes

import Data.List
f o=sortOn(sum.map(^2).zipWith(-)o)

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I don't need the size of the space. sum.map(^2).zipWith(-)o computes the distance from a point to o : (xo-xp)^2+(yo-yp)^2+(zo-zp)^2. The points are simply sorted on the distance to o.

EDIT: "if you don't need it, don't take it" saved 2 bytes.

Answer 4

Python 3, 68 64 bytes

-4 bytes thanks to @Ramillies

def f(b,l):l.sort(key=lambda p:sum((a-b)**2for a,b in zip(b,p)))

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Answer 5

R, 56 40 bytes

-16 bytes thanks to flodel for suggesting a different input format

function(P,B)P[,order(colSums((P-B)^2))]

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Takes P as a 3xn matrix of points, i.e., each column is a point; output is in the same format.

Use the helper function g to transform the list of points P from the test cases into the appropriate R format.

Answer 6

Mathematica, 24 bytes

xN@Norm[#-x]&//SortBy

Takes input in the format f[B][P].

We have to use 4 bytes on x to make the nested function. The precedence of  (\[Function]) and // works out nicely so that the expression is equivalent to this:

Function[x, SortBy[N@Norm[# - x]&] ]

We need N because by default, Mathematica sorts by expression structure instead of by value:

Sort[{1, Sqrt@2, 2}]
{1, 2, Sqrt[2]}

SortBy[N][{1, Sqrt@2, 2}]
{1, Sqrt[2], 2}

Answer 7

C# (.NET Core), 68 57 53 + 23 18 bytes

-11 bytes thanks to Emigna

B=>P=>P.OrderBy(p=>p.Zip(B,(x,y)=>(x-y)*(x-y)).Sum())

Byte count also includes

using System.Linq;

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Points are treated as collections of ints. Explanation:

B => P =>                          // Take the base point and a collection of points to sort
    P.OrderBy(p =>                 // Order the points by:
        p.Zip(B, (x, y) =>         //     Take each point and combine it with the base:
            (x - y) * (x - y)      //         Take each dimension and measure their distance squared
        ).Sum()                    //     Sum of the distances in each dimension together
    )

Answer 8

JavaScript (ES6), 72 71 bytes

This one is not shorter than Neil's answer, but I thought I would post it anyway to demonstrate the use of Math.hypot(), which was introduced in ES6.

Takes input in currying syntax (p)(a), where p = [ x,y,z ] is the base point and a is the array of other points.

p=>a=>a.sort((a,b)=>(g=a=>Math.hypot(...a.map((v,i)=>v-p[i])))(a)-g(b))

let f =

p=>a=>a.sort((a,b)=>(g=a=>Math.hypot(...a.map((v,i)=>v-p[i])))(a)-g(b))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f([5, 5, 5])([[0, 0, 0], [10, 10, 10], [2, 0, 8], [10, 3, 1], [4, 4, 5], [5, 5, 5], [5, 5, 4]])))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f([2, 3, 3])([[3, 0, 4], [5, 0, 3], [0, 2, 4], [0, 3, 5], [4, 2, 1], [2, 2, 2], [3, 1, 2], [3, 1, 0], [1, 3, 2], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 5], [4, 0, 0], [4, 3, 1], [0, 5, 5], [1, 5, 1], [3, 1, 4], [2, 2, 2], [0, 2, 5], [3, 3, 5], [3, 3, 0], [5, 4, 5], [4, 1, 3], [5, 1, 1], [3, 5, 3], [1, 5, 3], [0, 5, 2], [4, 3, 3], [2, 1, 1], [3, 3, 0], [5, 0, 4], [1, 5, 2], [4, 2, 3], [4, 2, 1], [2, 5, 5], [3, 4, 0], [3, 0, 2], [2, 3, 2], [3, 5, 1], [5, 1, 0], [2, 4, 3], [1, 0, 5], [0, 2, 5], [3, 4, 4], [2, 4, 0], [0, 1, 5], [0, 5, 4], [1, 5, 1], [2, 1, 0], [1, 3, 4], [2, 2, 2], [4, 2, 4], [5, 5, 4], [4, 4, 0], [0, 4, 1], [2, 0, 3], [3, 1, 5], [4, 4, 0], [2, 5, 1], [1, 2, 4], [4, 3, 1], [0, 2, 4], [4, 5, 2], [2, 0, 1], [0, 0, 2], [4, 1, 0], [5, 4, 3], [2, 5, 2], [5, 4, 4], [4, 4, 3], [5, 5, 1], [4, 0, 2], [1, 3, 5], [4, 2, 0], [0, 3, 1], [2, 2, 0], [0, 4, 5], [3, 2, 0], [0, 2, 1], [1, 2, 2], [2, 5, 3], [5, 5, 2], [5, 2, 4], [4, 5, 5], [2, 1, 2], [5, 4, 3], [4, 5, 4], [2, 3, 1], [4, 4, 4], [3, 0, 0], [2, 4, 5], [4, 3, 3], [3, 5, 3], [4, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1], [3, 1, 3], [2, 5, 5], [0, 0, 5], [2, 0, 2], [1, 0, 3], [3, 1, 4], [1, 2, 5], [4, 1, 3], [1, 4, 5], [3, 1, 4], [3, 5, 1], [5, 1, 4], [1, 0, 4], [2, 2, 0], [5, 2, 1], [0, 5, 3], [2, 1, 1], [0, 3, 0], [4, 5, 5], [3, 4, 2], [5, 3, 3], [3, 1, 1], [4, 0, 1], [5, 0, 5], [5, 0, 4], [1, 4, 3], [5, 4, 2], [5, 4, 0], [5, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1], [5, 3, 0]])))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f([1, 9, 4])([[4, 6, 2], [7, 5, 3], [10, 5, 2], [9, 8, 9], [10, 5, 10], [1, 5, 4], [8, 1, 1], [8, 6, 9], [10, 4, 1], [3, 4, 10], [4, 7, 0], [7, 10, 9], [5, 7, 3], [6, 7, 9], [5, 1, 4], [4, 3, 8], [4, 4, 9], [6, 9, 3], [8, 2, 6], [3, 5, 1], [0, 9, 0], [8, 4, 3], [0, 1, 1], [6, 7, 6], [4, 6, 10], [3, 9, 10], [8, 3, 1], [10, 1, 1], [9, 10, 6], [2, 3, 9], [10, 5, 0], [3, 2, 1], [10, 2, 7], [8, 4, 9], [5, 2, 4], [0, 8, 9], [10, 1, 6], [0, 8, 10], [5, 10, 1], [7, 4, 5], [4, 5, 2], [0, 2, 0], [8, 3, 3], [6, 6, 6], [3, 0, 2], [0, 1, 1], [10, 10, 8], [6, 2, 8], [8, 8, 6], [5, 4, 7], [10, 7, 4], [0, 9, 2], [1, 6, 6], [8, 5, 9], [3, 7, 4], [5, 6, 6], [3, 1, 1], [10, 4, 5], [1, 5, 7], [8, 6, 6], [4, 3, 7], [2, 1, 0], [6, 4, 2], [0, 7, 8], [8, 3, 6], [9, 2, 0], [1, 3, 8], [4, 4, 6], [5, 8, 9], [9, 4, 4], [0, 7, 3], [8, 3, 4], [6, 7, 9], [8, 7, 0], [0, 7, 7], [8, 10, 10], [10, 2, 5], [6, 9, 5], [6, 2, 7], [0, 9, 6], [1, 4, 1], [4, 3, 1], [5, 7, 3], [9, 6, 8], [4, 1, 7], [4, 0, 8], [3, 4, 7], [2, 3, 6], [0, 0, 7], [5, 3, 6], [7, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8], [3, 7, 9], [1, 9, 10], [2, 1, 2], [2, 8, 2], [0, 3, 0], [1, 1, 9], [3, 5, 2], [10, 5, 3], [5, 2, 9], [6, 9, 0], [9, 5, 0], [7, 1, 10], [3, 3, 8], [2, 5, 1], [3, 10, 10], [6, 2, 2], [10, 7, 2], [4, 3, 1], [4, 2, 1], [4, 2, 8], [6, 8, 5], [3, 10, 0], [1, 1, 7], [6, 9, 6], [6, 2, 4], [5, 5, 7], [5, 4, 5], [9, 8, 1], [9, 8, 1], [0, 10, 6], [1, 1, 9], [3, 8, 8], [3, 1, 5], [5, 7, 4], [4, 3, 6], [5, 4, 7], [6, 0, 8], [7, 8, 1], [9, 8, 4], [2, 10, 0], [3, 4, 5], [9, 3, 10], [7, 4, 1], [2, 1, 9], [10, 8, 1], [10, 3, 7], [2, 0, 6], [3, 8, 4], [10, 0, 2], [9, 9, 10], [8, 9, 5], [4, 10, 2], [8, 3, 4], [4, 2, 10], [9, 1, 6], [6, 1, 3], [4, 1, 3], [2, 9, 0], [5, 6, 5], [8, 8, 3], [5, 5, 0], [7, 6, 9], [1, 1, 5], [3, 0, 4], [1, 10, 6], [8, 0, 2], [0, 7, 3], [8, 9, 8], [2, 1, 8], [3, 1, 10], [4, 5, 9], [7, 6, 10], [3, 6, 10], [5, 9, 8], [9, 3, 3], [2, 2, 3], [9, 9, 0], [7, 2, 2], [0, 0, 9], [8, 7, 4], [9, 2, 9], [0, 6, 4], [9, 4, 3], [10, 1, 3], [5, 9, 10], [5, 10, 6], [6, 3, 10]])))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f([8452, 3160, 6109])([[7172, 5052, 4795], [9789, 4033, 2952], [8242, 213, 3835], [177, 7083, 908], [3788, 3129, 3018], [9060, 464, 2701], [6537, 8698, 291], [9048, 3860, 6099], [4600, 2696, 4854], [2319, 3278, 9825]])))

Answer 9

k, 14 bytes

{y@<+/x*x-:+y}

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{            } /function(x,y)
           +y  /transpose y
        x-:    /w[j,i] = x[j] - y[j,i]
      x*       /w[j,i]*w[j,i]
    +/         /v[i] = sum over all j: w[j,i]
   <           /indices to sort by
 y@            /rearrange list of points by indices

Also, this works for n dimensions, and is not limited to 3.

Answer 10

Japt, 10 9 bytes

-1 byte thanks to @Shaggy

ñ_íaV m²x

Takes points as an array of three-item arrays and the base point an a single array, in that order. Does not take the size argument.

Try it online! or run the huge test case with -R to output one x,y,z per line.

Explanation

ñ_            Sort the input array as if each item were mapped through the function...
  í V         Pair the x,y,z in the current item with those in the base point, V
   a          Take the absolute different from each pair
      m²      Square each of the 3 differences
        x     Sum those squares
              Sorted array is implicitly returned

Answer 11

Jelly, 5 bytes

Saved 1 byte, thanks to Leaky Nun.

ạ²SðÞ

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Explanation

ạ²SðÞ

    Þ - Sort by key function.
ạ     - Absolute difference with the elements in the second input list.
 ²    - Square. Vectorizes.
  S   - Sum.
   ð  - Starts a separate dyadic chain.
      - Output implicitly.

Answer 12

Perl 6, 35 bytes (33 characters)

{@^b;@^p.sort:{[+] ($_ Z- @b)»²}}

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Explanation: This takes a list with the coordinates of the base point (called @b), then a list of lists with coordinates of the other points (called @p). In a block, you can use them on the fly using the ^ symbol. Each of the ^'d variables corresponds to one argument. (They're sorted alphabetically, so @^b is the 1st argument and @^p the 2nd.) After one use of this symbol, you can use the variable normally.

The statement @^b is there just to say that the block will take the base point argument, which is used only inside the sorting block. (Otherwise it would refer to the argument of the sorting block.) The method .sort may take one argument. If it's a block taking 1 argument (like here), the array is sorted according to the values of that function. The block itself just takes each point in turn and zips it with minus (Z-) with the base point coordinates. Then we square all the elements in the list with »² and sum them using [+].

As an added bonus, this will work with float coordinates as well, and in any dimension (as long as you, obviously, supply the same number of coordinates for all the points, it does the right thing).

---

This is no longer valid. I leave it here just for fun.

Perl 6, 24 bytes — only a joke!

{@^b;@^p.sort:{$_!~~@b}}

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Since the OP doesn't state which metric shall be used, this submission chooses to use the discrete metric. In this metric, the distance between two points is 0 if they are identical, and 1 if they are not. It's easy to check that this is indeed a metric (if ρ(A,B) is distance from A to B, we require that 1) ρ(A,B) = 0 iff A = B, 2) ρ(A,B) = ρ(B,A), 3) ρ(A,B) + ρ(B,C) ≥ ρ(A,C) ("triangle inequality")).

It could be probably golfed a lot more, but I don't mean it seriously.

Answer 13

Kotlin 1.1, 58 bytes

{t,i->i.sortedBy{it.zip(t).map{(f,s)->(f-s)*(f-s)}.sum()}}

Beautified

// t is the target, i is the list of inputs
{ t, i ->
    // Sort the inputs by the distance
    i.sortedBy {
        // For each dimension
        it.zip(t)
            // Calculate the square of the distance
            .map { (f, s) -> (f - s) * (f - s) }
            // Add up the squares
            .sum()
    }
}

Test

var f: (List<Int>, List<List<Int>>) -> List<List<Int>> =
{t,i->i.sortedBy{it.zip(t).map{(f,s)->(f-s)*(f-s)}.sum()}}

data class TestData(val target: List<Int>, val input: List<List<Int>>, val output: List<List<Int>>)

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
    val items = listOf(
            TestData(listOf(5, 5, 5),
                    listOf(listOf(0, 0, 0), listOf(10, 10, 10), listOf(2, 0, 8), listOf(10, 3, 1), listOf(4, 4, 5), listOf(5, 5, 5), listOf(5, 5, 4)),
                    listOf(listOf(5, 5, 5), listOf(5, 5, 4), listOf(4, 4, 5), listOf(2, 0, 8), listOf(10, 3, 1), listOf(0, 0, 0), listOf(10, 10, 10))
            ),
            TestData(listOf(8452, 3160, 6109),
                    listOf(listOf(7172, 5052, 4795), listOf(9789, 4033, 2952), listOf(8242, 213, 3835), listOf(177, 7083, 908), listOf(3788, 3129, 3018), listOf(9060, 464, 2701), listOf(6537, 8698, 291), listOf(9048, 3860, 6099), listOf(4600, 2696, 4854), listOf(2319, 3278, 9825)),
                    listOf(listOf(9048, 3860, 6099), listOf(7172, 5052, 4795), listOf(9789, 4033, 2952), listOf(8242, 213, 3835), listOf(4600, 2696, 4854), listOf(9060, 464, 2701), listOf(3788, 3129, 3018), listOf(2319, 3278, 9825), listOf(6537, 8698, 291), listOf(177, 7083, 908))
            ))
    items.map { it to f(it.target, it.input) }.filter { it.first.output != it.second }.forEach {
        System.err.println(it.first.output)
        System.err.println(it.second)
        throw AssertionError(it.first)
    }
    println("Test Passed")
}

Answer 14

Java 8, 194 + 31 214 169 163 123 112 106 + 19 109 103 bytes

B->P->P.sort(java.util.Comparator.comparing(p->{int d=0,i=0;while(i<3)d+=(d=p[i]-B[i++])*d;return d;}))

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Answer 15

MATL, 7 bytes

yZP&SY)

Inputs are: 3-column matrix with points as rows, and 3-column vector with base point.

Try it at MATL Online!

Explanation

y   % Implicitly take two inputs: 3-column matrix and 3-row vector. Duplicate the first
    % STACK: input 1 (matrix), input 2 (vector), input 1 (matrix)
ZP  % Euclidean distance between rows of top two elements in stack
    % STACK: input 1 (matrix), distances (vector)
&S  % Sort and push the indices of the sorting (not the sorted values)
    % STACK: input 1 (matrix), indices (vector)
Y)  % Use as row indices. Implicitly display
    % STACK: final result (matrix)

Answer 16

Pyth, 6 bytes

o.a,vz

Try it online: Demonstration

Explanation:

o.a,vzNQ   implicit variables at the end
o      Q   order the points from the first input line by:
 .a           the euclidean distance between
      N       the point
   ,          and
    vz        the point from the second input line

Answer 17

Perl 5, 90 bytes

sub v{$i=$t=0;$t+=($_-$p[$i++])**2for pop=~/\d+/g;$t}@p=<>=~/\d+/g;say sort{v($a)<=>v$b}<>

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Input is newline separated list of points, with the first one being the base point and the last having a trailing newline. Brackets ([]) around the coordinates are optional.