Julia 1.0, 53 bytes

~x=rpad("🔵"^ceil(Int,10(0<=x<1 ? x : 1)),10,"⚪")

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If the input x falls outside the range [0,1), it's replaced with 1. The value ⌈10x⌉ determines the number of "🔵", and the output is padded to length with "⚪".

Julia 0.6, 49 bytes

~x=rpad("🔵"^ceil(Int,10(0<=x<1?x:1)),20,"⚪")

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If the input x falls outside the range [0,1), it's replaced with 1. The value ⌈10x⌉ determines the number of "🔵", and the output is padded to length with "⚪".

Using the ternary operator without spaces is deprecated in Julia 0.7 and disabled in Julia 1.0. The padding length passed to rpad has to be adjusted for Julia 0.6, probably because textwidth was added in Julia 0.7.

Julia 1.0, 53 bytes

~x=rpad("🔵"^ceil(Int,10(0<=x<1 ? x : 1)),10,"⚪")

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Julia 1.0, 53 bytes

~x=rpad("🔵"^ceil(Int,10(0<=x<1 ? x : 1)),10,"⚪")

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If the input x falls outside the range [0,1), it's replaced with 1. The value ⌈10x⌉ determines the number of "🔵", and the output is padded to length with "⚪".

Julia 1.0, 38 bytes (non-competing)

~x=rpad("🔵"^ceil(Int,10x),10,"⚪")

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This solution doesn't yet match the out-of-bounds outputs of the original function.

Julia 1.0, 53 bytes

~x=rpad("🔵"^ceil(Int,10(0<=x<1 ? x : 1)),10,"⚪")

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