Jelly, 1010 9 bytes
2e²Æṣ€$¬Ɗ#2²Æṣ€ḟƑƊ#
Times out on TIO for \$n > 5\$\$n > 3\$, but works in theory for all \$n\$. Relies on the assumption that for a given \$x \ge 2\$, \$x\$ is untouchable if none of the proper divisor sums between \$1\$ and \$x^2\$ equals \$x\$. Takes \$n\$ on STDIN.
How it works
2e²Æṣ€$¬Ɗ#2²Æṣ€ḟƑƊ# - Main link. Takes no arguments
Ɗ - Group the previous 3 links together into a monad f(k):
$ - Group the previous 2 links together into a monad g(k):
² - k²
€ - Over each 1, 2, ..., k²:
Æṣ - Proper divisor sum
e Ƒ - Is kthe inlist theof proper divisor sums?
unchanged after:
¬ḟ - Logical NOT; 0 -> 1,removing 1k ->from 0it?
2 # - Count up k = 2, 3, ... until n such k's return true under f(k)