#05AB1E, 11 bytes

Δγε2ôSO}˜J

Try it online or verify all test cases.

Explanation:

Δ             # Continue until the (implicit) input no longer changes:
 γ            #  Split the integer in chunks of the same adjacent digits
              #   i.e. 199999889 → [1,99999,88,9]
  ε     }     #  Map each to:
   2ô         #   Split it into parts of size 2
              #    i.e. 99999 → [99,99,9]
     €S       #   Split each part into digits
              #    i.e. [99,99,9] → [[9,9],[9,9],[9]]
       O      #   And take the sum of each part
              #    i.e. [[9,9],[9,9],[9]] → [18,18,9]
         ˜    #  Flatten the list
              #   i.e. [[1],[18,18,9],[16],[9]] → [1,18,18,9,16,9]
          J   #  Join everything together
              #   i.e. [1,18,18,9,16,9] → 118189169
              # (And output the result implicitly at the end)
              #  i.e. output = 28189169

05AB1E, 11 bytes

Δγε2ôSO}˜J

Try it online or verify all test cases.

Explanation:

Δ             # Continue until the (implicit) input no longer changes:
 γ            #  Split the integer in chunks of the same adjacent digits
              #   i.e. 199999889 → [1,99999,88,9]
  ε     }     #  Map each to:
   2ô         #   Split it into parts of size 2
              #    i.e. 99999 → [99,99,9]
     €S       #   Split each part into digits
              #    i.e. [99,99,9] → [[9,9],[9,9],[9]]
       O      #   And take the sum of each part
              #    i.e. [[9,9],[9,9],[9]] → [18,18,9]
         ˜    #  Flatten the list
              #   i.e. [[1],[18,18,9],[16],[9]] → [1,18,18,9,16,9]
          J   #  Join everything together
              #   i.e. [1,18,18,9,16,9] → 118189169
              # (And output the result implicitly at the end)
              #  i.e. output = 28189169