C (clang), -DZ=lseek(d,0 + 139 = 152 bytes

g,j,x,d,s,i,c;f(n){x=0;d=open(n,2);s=Z,2);for(j=2;j--;x++){Z,0);for(i=s;i--;write(d,&x,1));Z,0);for(i=s;i--;read(d,&c,1),c!=x&&x--&&j--);}}

Try it online!

Takes the filename as an argument

Ungolfed:

#import<fcntl#include <unistd.h>
int g,j,x,d,s,i,c;
void f(char*n){
	x=0; /*Byte to write*/
	d=open(n,O_RDWR);
	s=lseek(d,0,SEEK_END); /*Get size of file*/
	j=0;
	for(j=0;j<2;j++){
		/*Write Pass*/
		lseek(d,0,SEEK_SET); /*Start writing from start of file*/
		for(i=0;i<s;i++){
			write(d,&x,1);
		}
		
		/*Verification Pass*/
		lseek(d,0,SEEK_SET);
		for(i=0;i<s;i++){
			read(d,&c,1);
			if(c!=x)x--,j--; /*If verification fails, repeat loop with the same value*/
		}
		x++;
	}
}